Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 8

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Mediated crises and strategic crisis communication of third sector organizations: a content analysis of crisis reporting in six countries

Schwarz, Andreas, Diers-Lawson, Audra·2024·Corporate Communications: An International Journal
DOI 10.1108/ccij-08-2023-0117
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to contribute to strategic crisis communication research by exploring international media representations of third sector crises and crisis response; expanding the range of crisis types beyond transgressions; and developing a framework that integrates framing and crisis communication theory. Design/methodology/approach: Quantitative content analysis was applied to identify patterns in crisis reporting of 18 news media outlets in Canada, Germany, India, Switzerland, UK and US. Using an inductive framing approach, crisis coverage of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) between 2015 and 2018 was analyzed across a wide range of crises, including but not limited to prominent cases such as Oxfam, Kids Company, or the Islamic Research Foundation. Findings: The news media in six countries report more internal crises in the third sector than external crises. The most frequent crisis types were fraud and corruption, sexual violence/personal exploitation and attacks on organizations. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three components of crisis response strategies quoted in the media, conditional rebuild, defensive and justified denial strategies. Causal attributions and conditional rebuild strategies significantly influenced media evaluations of organizational crisis response. Three frames of third sector crises were detected; the critique, the damage and the victim frame. These frames emphasize different crisis types, causes, crisis response strategies and evaluations of crisis response. Originality/value: The study reveals the particularities of crises and crisis communication in the third sector and identifies factors that influence mediated portrayals of crises and crisis response strategies of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) from an international comparative perspective. The findings have relevant implications for crisis communication theory and practice.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1108/ccij-08-2023-0117

Cites

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 65

  1. 2017, A qualitative meta-analysis of apologia, image repair, and crisis communication: implications for theory and practice, Public Relations Review, 43, 517, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.03.005 · DOI
  2. 2020, Using two-step cluster analysis and latent class cluster analysis to classify the cognitive heterogeneity of cross-diagnostic psychiatric inpatients, Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01085 · DOI · Paper page
  3. 1997, Image repair discourse and crisis communication, Public Relations Review, 23, 177, 10.1016/s0363-8111(97)90023-0 · DOI · Paper page
  4. 2015, Understanding the direction, magnitude, and joint effects of reputation when multiple actors' reputations collide, Academy of Management Journal, 59, 188, 10.5465/amj.2014.0521 · DOI
  5. 2021, No global crisis of trust: a longitudinal and multinational examination of public trust in nonprofits, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 50, 441, 10.1177/0899764020962221 · DOI
  6. 2021, To what extent is trust a prerequisite for charitable giving? A systematic review and meta-analysis, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 50, 1274, 10.1177/08997640211003250 · DOI
  7. 2022, Nonprofit scandals: a systematic review and conceptual framework, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 52, 278S, 10.1177/08997640221129541 · DOI
  8. 2022, Comparing the effectiveness of post-scandal apologies from nonprofit and commercial organizations: an extension of the moral disillusionment model, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 51, 1257, 10.1177/08997640211062666 · DOI
  9. 1988, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
  10. 1995, Choosing the right words: the development of guidelines for the selection of the ‘appropriate’ crisis-response strategies, Management Communication Quarterly, 8, 447, 10.1177/0893318995008004003 · DOI · Paper page
  11. 2019, Ongoing Crisis Communication. Planning, Managing, and Responding
  12. 1996, Communication and attributions in a crisis: an experiment study in crisis communication, Journal of Public Relations Research, 8, 279, 10.1207/s1532754xjprr0804_04 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Coombs, W.T. and Holladay, S.J. (2004), “Reasoned action in crisis communication: an attribution theory-based approach to crisis management”, in Millar, D.P. and Heath, R. (Eds), Responding to Crisis. A Rhetorical Approach to Crisis Communication, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 95-115.
  14. 2018, A systematic review of frames in news reporting of health risks: characteristics, construct consistency vs name diversity, and the relationship of frames to framing functions, Health, Risk and Society, 20, 203, 10.1080/13698575.2018.1522422 · DOI
  15. 2017, A state of emergency in crisis communication an intercultural crisis communication research agenda, Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 46, 1, 10.1080/17475759.2016.1262891 · DOI
  16. 2009, Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives
  17. 2015, Handling complaints on social network sites–An analysis of complaints and complaint responses on Facebook and Twitter pages of large US companies, Public Relations Review, 41, 195, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.11.012 · DOI · Paper page
  18. 2010, Under what conditions do the news influence corporate reputation? The roles of media dependency and need for orientation, Corporate Reputation Review, 12, 299, 10.1057/crr.2009.28 · DOI · Paper page
  19. Eisenegger, M. and Imhof, K. (2008), “The true, the good and the beautiful: reputation management in the media society”, in Zerfass, A. and Bentele, G. (Eds), Public Relations Research: European and International Perspectives and Innovations, VS, Verl. für Sozialwiss, Wiesbaden, pp. 125-146. · DOI
  20. 1993, Framing: towards clarification of a fractured paradigm, Journal of Communication, 43, 51, 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x · DOI · Paper page
  21. 2019, Testing times: communicating the role and uncertainty of analytical procedures in a food safety crisis, Asian Journal of Communication, 20, 42
  22. 2001, Very public scandals: nongovernmental organizations in trouble, Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 12, 49, 10.1023/a:1011242911726 · DOI
  23. 2004, A loss of credibility: patterns of wrongdoing among nongovernmental organizations, Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 15, 355, 10.1007/s11266-004-1237-7 · DOI
  24. 2016, Sensegiving, leadership, and nonprofit crises: how nonprofit leaders make and give sense to organizational crisis, Voluntas, 27, 2787, 10.1007/s11266-015-9648-1 · DOI
  25. 2018, Los medios en la gestión de la comunicación de las ONG en tiempos de crisis: oportunidades para el cambio social, Observatorio (OBS*), 12, 83, 10.15847/obsobs12320181132 · doi:10.15847/obsobs12320181132
  26. 2023, Framing as a bridging concept for climate change communication: a systematic review based on 25 Years of literature, Communication Research, 10.1177/00936502221137165 · DOI
  27. 2014, Has crisis communication been studied using an interdisciplinary approach? A 20-year content analysis of communication journals, International Journal of Strategic Communication, 8, 29, 10.1080/1553118x.2013.850694 · doi:10.1080/1553118x.2013.850694
  28. 1998, Incorporating attribution theory and the theory of reasoned action within an affective events theory framework to produce a contingency predictive model of consumer reactions to organizational mishaps, Advances in Consumer Research, 25, 428
  29. 1958, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations
  30. 2020, Buffering negative news: individual-level effects of Company visibility, tone, and pre-existing attitudes on corporate reputation, Mass Communication and Society, 23, 272, 10.1080/15205436.2019.1694155 · DOI
  31. Kelley, H.H. (1967), “Attribution theory in social psychology”, in Levine, D. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE, pp. 192-238.
  32. Kelley, H.H. (1972), “Attribution in social interaction”, in Jones, E.E., Kanouse, D.E., Kelley, H.H., Nisbett, R.E., Valins, S. and Weiner, B. (Eds), Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior, General Learning Press, Morristown, pp. 1-26.
  33. 2014, A comparison of three clustering methods for finding subgroups in MRI, SMS or clinical data: SPSS twostep cluster analysis, latent Gold and SNOB, BMC Medical Research Methodology, 14, 10.1186/1471-2288-14-113 · DOI
  34. 2009, Are crisis communicators practicing what we preach?: an evaluation of crisis response strategy analyzed in public relations research from 1991 to 2009, Public Relations Review, 35, 446, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.08.002 · DOI
  35. 2022, Does causal reasoning lead to moral reasoning? Consumers' responses to scandalized athletes and endorsements, International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 23, 465, 10.1108/ijsms-09-2020-0161 · DOI
  36. 2015, The mediating role of the news in the BP oil spill crisis 2010: how U.S. News is influenced by public relations and in turn influences public awareness, foreign news, and the share price, Communication Research, 42, 408, 10.1177/0093650213510940 · DOI
  37. 2021, Political agenda setting in the hybrid media system: why legacy media still matter a great deal, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26, 313, 10.1177/1940161220925023 · DOI
  38. 2003, Theorizing the organization and management of non-governmental development organizations, Public Management Review, 5, 325, 10.1080/1471903032000146937 · doi:10.1080/1471903032000146937
  39. 2016, Managing legitimacy crisis for state-owned non-profit organization: a case study of the Red Cross Society of China, Public Relations Review, 42, 372, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.09.011 · DOI
  40. 2016, Effects of attributed responsibility and response strategies on organizational reputation: a meta-analysis of situational crisis communication theory research, Journal of Public Relations Research, 28, 102, 10.1080/1062726x.2016.1166367 · DOI · Paper page
  41. 2005, Weathering the storm: hauser's vernacular voices, public relations and the roman catholic church's sexual abuse scandal, Public Relations Review, 31, 219, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2005.02.017 · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2005.02.017
  42. 2022, Operational crisis communication management: a content analysis of FIFA's communication during Covid-19, Sport Management Review, 26, 293, 10.1080/14413523.2022.2059992 · doi:10.1080/14413523.2022.2059992
  43. 2008, The content analysis of media frames: toward improving reliability and validity, Journal of Communication, 58, 258, 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00384.x · DOI · Paper page
  44. 2018, Reuters Institute digital news report 2018, Digital news report 2018
  45. 2020, Global mistrust in news: the impact of social media on trust, International Journal on Media Management, 22, 1, 10.1080/14241277.2020.1799794 · DOI · Paper page
  46. 2017, ABC: increased bulks help daily telegraph become only UK newspaper to increase circulation in November, PressGazette
  47. 2014, Consumers' emotional reactions to negative publicity and crisis management in the health care industry A multiple case study of lipitor and oxyelite pro, Social Science Computer Review, 32, 678, 10.1177/0894439314525901 · DOI
  48. 2020, Unveiling research trends for organizational reputation in the nonprofit sector, VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 31, 56, 10.1007/s11266-018-00055-7 · doi:10.1007/s11266-018-00055-7
  49. 2023, Social media algorithmic versus professional journalists' news selection: effects of gate keeping on traditional and social media news trust, Journalism, 10.1177/14648849231179804 · DOI
  50. 2003, Frames - Framing - Framing-Effekte: Theoretische und methodische Grundlegung des Framing-Ansatzes sowie empirische Befunde zur Nachrichtenproduktion
  51. 2011, Is the medium the message? Perceptions of and reactions to crisis communication via twitter, blogs and traditional media, Public Relations Review, 37, 20, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.12.001 · DOI · Paper page
  52. 2012, Stakeholder attributions in crises: the effects of covariation information and attributional inferences on organizational reputation, International Journal of Strategic Communication, 6, 174, 10.1080/1553118x.2011.596869 · DOI
  53. 2014, Communicating on behalf of global civil society: management and coordination of public relations in international nongovernmental organizations, Journal of Public Relations Research, 26, 161, 10.1080/1062726x.2013.864242 · DOI
  54. 2011, The crisis communication preparedness of nonprofit organizations: the case of German interest groups, Public Relations Review, 37, 68, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.10.002 · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.10.002
  55. 2020, Recovering from scandals: twitter coverage of Oxfam and Save the children scandals, Voluntas, 31, 94, 10.1007/s11266-019-00148-x · DOI
  56. 2005, Post‐crisis discourse and organizational change, failure and renewal, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 18, 78, 10.1108/09534810510579869 · DOI
  57. 2012, Nonprofit in crisis: an examination of the applicability of situational crisis communication theory, Journal of Public Relations Research, 24, 1, 10.1080/1062726x.2011.582207 · DOI
  58. 2010, Through the looking glass: a decade of Red Cross crisis response and situational crisis communication theory, Public Relations Review, 36, 21, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.08.018 · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.08.018
  59. 2013, Crisis communication online: how medium, crisis type and emotions affected public reactions in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, Public Relations Review, 39, 40, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.09.010 · DOI · Paper page
  60. 2013, Public framing organizational crisis situations: social media versus news media, Public Relations Review, 39, 229, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.12.001 · DOI
  61. 2016, The co-production of business news and its effects: the corporate framing mediated-moderation model, Public Relations Review, 42, 509, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.03.006 · DOI
  62. 2004, The relative effectiveness of inoculation, bolstering, and combined approaches in crisis communication, Journal of Public Relations Research, 16, 301, 10.1207/s1532754xjprr1603_4 · DOI
  63. 1985, ‘Spontaneous’ causal thinking, Psycholgical Bulletin, 97, 74, 10.1037/0033-2909.97.1.74 · DOI · Paper page
  64. 2020, Does the medium matter? A meta-analysis on using social media vs traditional media in crisis communication, Public Relations Review, 46, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101947 · DOI
  65. 2013, European Communication Monitor 2013: A Changing Landscape - Managing Crises, Digital Communication and CEO Positioning in Europe. Results of a Survey in 43 Countries

Cited by

Metadata

Authors
Schwarz, A., & Diers-Lawson, A.
Venue
Corporate Communications: An International Journal
Publisher
Emerald
Published
2024-02-20
Volume
29
Issue
4
Pages
567-591
ISSN
1356-3289
DOI
10.1108/ccij-08-2023-0117
Cited by
8
References
0
Language
en
Licence
www.emerald.com/insight/site-policies (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.