The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Shape from focus
Abstract
The shape from focus method presented here uses different focus levels to obtain a sequence of object images. The sum-modified-Laplacian (SML) operator is developed to provide local measures of the quality of image focus. The operator is applied to the image sequence to determine a set of focus measures at each image point. A depth estimation algorithm interpolates a small number of focus measure values to obtain accurate depth estimates. A fully automated shape from focus system has been implemented using an optical microscope and tested on a variety of industrial samples. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method. These results suggest shape from focus to be an effective approach for a variety of challenging visual inspection tasks.>
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Principles of Optics: 60th Anniversary Edition
Born, M., & Wolf, E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108769914 · Cited by 26,251
Theory for Off-Specular Reflection From Roughened Surfaces*
Torrance, K. E., & Sparrow, E. M. (1967) · Journal of the Optical Society of America · doi:10.1364/josa.57.001105 · Cited by 1,855
Krotkov, E. (2004) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/bf00127822 · Cited by 847
Grossmann, P. (1987) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/0167-8655(87)90026-2 · Cited by 218
Koretz, J. F., & Handelman, G. H. (1988) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0788-92 · Cited by 153
Pyramid based depth from focus
Darrell, T., & Wohn, K. (2003) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.1988.196282 · Cited by 127
Cited by
Phase shifting algorithms for fringe projection profilometry: A review
Zuo, C., Feng, S., Huang, L., Tao, T., Yin, W., & Chen, Q. (2018) · Optics and Lasers in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2018.04.019 · Cited by 1,291
Analysis of focus measure operators for shape-from-focus
Pertuz, S., Puig, D., & Garcia, M. A. (2013) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2012.11.011 · Cited by 765
Evaluation of focus measures in multi-focus image fusion
Huang, W., & Jing, Z. (2007) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2006.09.005 · Cited by 566
Local scale control for edge detection and blur estimation
Elder, J. H., & Zucker, S. W. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/34.689301 · Cited by 558
Quadtree-based multi-focus image fusion using a weighted focus-measure
Bai, X., Zhang, Y., Zhou, F., & Xue, B. (2015) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2014.05.003 · Cited by 277
Metadata
- Authors
- Nayar, S. K., & Nakagawa, Y.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 824-831
- ISSN
- 0162-8828 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2166774562
- Cited by
- 1,205
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 19.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Shape from focus. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/34.308479
- The paper
- Nayar, S. K., & Nakagawa, Y. (1994). Shape from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.1109/34.308479
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.