Analyzing facial expressions for virtual conferencing
Abstract
The authors present a model-based algorithm that estimates 3D motion and facial expressions from 2D image sequences showing head and shoulder scenes typical of video telephone and teleconferencing applications.
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The appearance of upper face features plays a more important role in face interpretation than lower face features.
“It is interesting to note that the appearance of the upper face features plays a more important role in face interpretation as opposed to lower face features [22].”
From Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art (2000) · cites this paper as [22]
The human visual system assigns a higher priority to upper face features than to lower face features because they play a more important role in facial expression interpretation.
“Another appealing but still not investigated property of the human visual system is assigning a higher ªpriorityº to the upper face features than to the lower face features since they play a more important role in facial expression interpretation [22].”
From Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art (2000) · cites this paper as [22]
Cites
Tsai, R. (1987) · IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation · doi:10.1109/jra.1987.1087109 · Cited by 5,890 · see citing works
Parameterized Models for Facial Animation
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3-D motion estimation in model-based facial image coding
Li, H., Roivainen, P., & Forchheimer, R. (1993) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/34.216724 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Model-based image coding advanced video coding techniques for very low bit-rate applications
Aizawa, K., & Huang, T. S. (1995) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.364463 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
DeCarlo, D., & Metaxas, D. (1996) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.1996.517079 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Developments in model-based video coding
Pearson, D. E. (1995) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.387091 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Dynamic 3-D scene analysis through synthesis feedback control
Koch, R. (1993) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/34.216725 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Model-based coding of videophone images
Welsh, W. J. (1991) · Electronics & Communications Engineering Journal · doi:10.1049/ecej:19910006 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Modeling with triangular B-splines
Greiner, G., & Seidel, H. (1994) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/38.267471 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Östermann, J. (1994) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/83.334972 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Modeling and animation of facial expressions based on B-Splines
Hoch, M., Fleischmann, G., & Girod, B. (1994) · The Visual Computer · doi:10.1007/bf01889979 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards Natural Communication in Networked Collaborative Virtual Environments
Pandžić, I., Çapın, T., Magnenat‐Thalmann, N., et al. (1996) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Model-based Coding of Facial Image Sequences at Varying Illumination Conditions
Eisert, P., & Girod, B. (1998) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationModeling with triangular B-splines
Greiner, G., & Seidel, H. (1993) · doi:10.1145/164360.164425 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art
Pantie, M., & Rothkrantz, L. J. M. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/34.895976 · Cited by 1,778 · see citing works
- Authors
- Eisert, P., & Girod, B.
- Affiliations
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 70-78
- ISSN
- 0272-1716 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2125675458
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 11.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (publishedVersion)
- Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Face recognition and analysis
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Signal Processing › Speech and Audio Processing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Human Motion and Animation
- Keywords
- facial expression analysis, 3D motion estimation, model-based estimation, videoconferencing, videophone
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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