The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Fuel cell systems: efficient, flexible energy conversion for the 21st century
Abstract
At the beginning of the 21st century, fuel cells appear poised to meet the power needs of a variety of applications. Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy to electricity and thermal energy. Fuel cell systems are available to meet the needs of applications ranging from portable electronics to utility power plants. In addition to the fuel cell stack itself, a fuel cell system includes a fuel processor and subsystems to manage air, water thermal energy, and power. The overall system is efficient at full and part-load, scaleable to a wide range of sizes, environmentally friendly, and potentially competitive with conventional technology in first cost. Promising applications for fuel cells include portable power, transportation, building cogeneration, and distributed power for utilities. For portable power a fuel cell coupled with a fuel container can offer a higher energy storage density and more convenience than conventional battery systems. In transportation applications, fuel cells offer higher efficiency and better part-load performance than conventional engines. In stationary power applications, low emissions permit fuel cells to be located in high power density areas where they can supplement the existing utility grid. Furthermore, fuel cell systems can be directly connected to a building to provide both power and heat with cogeneration efficiencies as high as 80%.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Control Strategy of Fuel Cell and Supercapacitors Association for a Distributed Generation System
Thounthong, P., Rael, S., & Davat, B. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2007.896477 · Cited by 355
Energy Management Power Converters in Hybrid Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles
Lai, J.-S., & Nelson, D. J. (2007) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2006.890122 · Cited by 318
Self-citationXu, X., Xu, H., Zheng, J., Chen, L., & Wang, J. (2020) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113496 · Cited by 51
Water sorption and expansion of an ionomer membrane constrained by fuel cell electrodes
Goulet, M.-A., Arbour, S., Lauritzen, M., & Kjeang, E. (2015) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.10.040 · Cited by 40
Lee, W. H., & Kim, H. (2013) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.04.002 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Ellis, M. W., Von Spakovsky, M. R., & Nelson, D. J.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the IEEE
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1808-1818
- ISSN
- 0018-9219 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2147337530
- Cited by
- 449
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 7.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Fuel cell systems: efficient, flexible energy conversion for the 21st century. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/5.975914
- The paper
- Ellis, M. W., Von Spakovsky, M. R., & Nelson, D. J. (2001). Fuel cell systems: efficient, flexible energy conversion for the 21st century. Proceedings of the IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/5.975914
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
