The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
Abstract
This paper presents a secure (tamper-resistant) algorithm for watermarking images, and a methodology for digital watermarking that may be generalized to audio, video, and multimedia data. We advocate that a watermark should be constructed as an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian random vector that is imperceptibly inserted in a spread-spectrum-like fashion into the perceptually most significant spectral components of the data. We argue that insertion of a watermark under this regime makes the watermark robust to signal processing operations (such as lossy compression, filtering, digital-analog and analog-digital conversion, requantization, etc.), and common geometric transformations (such as cropping, scaling, translation, and rotation) provided that the original image is available and that it can be successfully registered against the transformed watermarked image. In these cases, the watermark detector unambiguously identifies the owner. Further, the use of Gaussian noise, ensures strong resilience to multiple-document, or collusional, attacks. Experimental results are provided to support these claims, along with an exposition of pending open problems.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., & Adleman, L. (1983) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/357980.358017 · Cited by 13,012
Huber, P. J. (1981) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471725250 · Cited by 7,066
Vector Quantization and Signal Compression
Gersho, A., & Gray, R. M. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3626-0 · Cited by 7,055
Three-dimensional computer vision: a geometric viewpoint
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-0357 · Cited by 3,032
Theory of Spread-Spectrum Communications - A Tutorial
Pickholtz, R. L., Schilling, D. L., & Milstein, L. B. (1982) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcom.1982.1095533 · Cited by 1,376
van Schyndel, R. G., Tirkel, A. Z., & Osborne, C. F. (2002) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.1994.413536 · Cited by 1,139
Jähne, B. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-21817-4 · Cited by 1,139
Collusion-secure fingerprinting for digital data
Boneh, D., & Shaw, J. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/18.705568 · Cited by 980
Signal compression based on models of human perception
Jayant, N. S., Johnston, J. D., & Safranek, R. J. (1993) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.241504 · Cited by 790
Spread-Spectrum Communications
Ellersick, F., Schilling, D. L., Cook, C. E., et al. (1983) · Encyclopedia of Wireless and Mobile Communications · doi:10.1081/e-ewmc2-120043935 · Cited by 679
Flagged first, then by citations
34 of the 70 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- kilian, 0, Resistance of watermarked documents to collusional attacks
- braudaway, 1996, Color correct digital watermarking of images
- adelson, 1990, Digital signal encoding and decoding apparatus
- schreiber, 1991, Receiver-compatible enhanced definition television system
- rhoads, 1995, Indentification/authentication coding method and apparatus
- turner, 1989, Digital data security system
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 5,299
Adaptive image watermarking scheme based on visualmasking
Huang, J., & Shi, Y. Q. (1998) · Electronics Letters · doi:10.1049/el:19980545 · Cited by 127
A singular-value decomposition-based image watermarking using genetic algorithm
Aslantaş, V. (2007) · AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications · doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2007.02.010 · Cited by 125
Multichannel watermarking of color images
Barni, M., Bartolini, F., & Piva, A. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · doi:10.1109/76.993436 · Cited by 125
Performance comparison of two text marking methods
Low, S. H., & Maxemchuk, N. F. (1998) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/49.668978 · Cited by 125
Invisible watermarking for image verification
Yeung, M. M., & Mintzer, F. C. (1998) · Journal of Electronic Imaging · doi:10.1117/1.482612 · Cited by 124
Joint wavelet and spatial transformation for digital watermarking
Tsai, M.-J., Yu, K.-Y., & Chen, Y. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/30.826405 · Cited by 124
A feature-based classification technique for blind image steganalysis
Lie, W., & Lin, G.-S. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2005.858377 · Cited by 124
Asikuzzaman, M., Alam, M. J., Lambert, A. J., et al. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2014.2338274 · Cited by 123
Enhancing Image Watermarking With Adaptive Embedding Parameter and PSNR Guarantee
Huang, Y., Niu, B., Guan, H., et al. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2019.2907475 · Cited by 123
Cancellaro, M., Battisti, F., Carli, M., Boato, G., Natale, F. G. B. D., & Neri, A. (2010) · Signal Processing Image Communication · doi:10.1016/j.image.2010.11.001 · Cited by 122
A Clustering Based Approach to Perceptual Image Hashing
Monga, V., Banerjee, A., & Evans, B. L. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2005.863502 · Cited by 121
A novel scheme for hybrid digital video watermarking: approach, evaluation and experimentation
Chan, P. W., Lyu, M. R.-T., & Chin, R. T. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2005.856932 · Cited by 120
Coverless Image Steganography: A Survey
Qin, J., Luo, Y., Xiang, X., Tan, Y., & Huang, H. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2955452 · Cited by 120
Robust mesh watermarking based on multiresolution processing
Yin, K., Pan, Z., Shi, J., et al. (2001) · Computers & Graphics · doi:10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00065-6 · Cited by 120
False-positive-free SVD-based image watermarking
Guo, J.-M., & Prasetyo, H. (2014) · Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation · doi:10.1016/j.jvcir.2014.03.012 · Cited by 118
A general framework for robust watermarking security
Barni, M., Bartolini, F., & Furon, T. (2003) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/s0165-1684(03)00168-3 · Cited by 118
A Publicly Verifiable Copyright-Proving Scheme Resistant to Malicious Attacks
Chen, T., Horng, G., & Lee, W.-B. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2004.841083 · Cited by 118
Attacking Visible Watermarking Schemes
Huang, C.-H., & Wu, J. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2003.819579 · Cited by 117
Diversity and attack characterization for improved robust watermarking
Kundur, D., & Hatzinakos, D. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/78.950793 · Cited by 116
A Video Watermarking Technique Based on Pseudo-3-D DCT and Quantization Index Modulation
Huang, H., Yang, C., & Hsu, W. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2010.2080675 · Cited by 115
Hybrid blind robust image watermarking technique based on DFT-DCT and Arnold transform
Hamidi, M., Haziti, M. E., Cherifi, H., et al. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-5913-9 · Cited by 115
A robust multiple watermarking scheme in the discrete wavelet transform domain
Tao, P., & Eskicioğlu, A. M. (2004) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.569641 · Cited by 115
Analysis and Design of Secure Watermark-Based Authentication Systems
Fei, C., Kundur, D., & Kwong, R. H. S. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2005.863505 · Cited by 115
Robust Audio Watermarking In The Time Domain
Bassia, P., & Pitas, I. (1998) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.36864 · Cited by 115
Qin, C., Chang, C., & Chen, P.-Y. (2011) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2011.11.013 · Cited by 114
Duan, X., Guo, D., Liu, N., Li, B., Gou, M., & Qin, C. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2971528 · Cited by 122
Blind image data hiding based on self reference
Wang, Y., & Pearmain, A. J. (2004) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2004.06.012 · Cited by 114
Robust SVD-Based Audio Watermarking Scheme With Differential Evolution Optimization
Lei, B., Soon, I. Y., & Tan, E.-L. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing · doi:10.1109/tasl.2013.2277929 · Cited by 113
Lei, B., Soon, I. Y., & Li, Z. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32205-1_9 · Cited by 113
Dual Domain Watermarking for Authentication and Compression of Cultural Heritage Images
Zhao, Y., Campisi, P., & Kundur, D. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2003.821552 · Cited by 112
Multimedia Fingerprinting Forensics for Traitor Tracing
Liu, K. J. R., Trappe, W. K., Wang, Z. J., Wu, M. H., & Zhao, H. V. (2005) · doi:10.1155/9789775945181 · Cited by 111
Steganalysis of audio based on audio quality metrics
Özer, H., Avcıbaş, İ., Sankur, B., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.477313 · Cited by 111
The role of information theory in watermarking and its application to image watermarking
Moulin, P. (2001) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/s0165-1684(01)00037-8 · Cited by 111
Digital watermarking: from concepts to real-time video applications
Busch, C., Funk, W., & Wolthusen, S. D. B. (1999) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/38.736466 · Cited by 111
An image fragile watermark scheme based on chaotic image pattern and pixel-pairs
Liu, S., Yao, H., Gao, W., et al. (2006) · Applied Mathematics and Computation · doi:10.1016/j.amc.2006.07.036 · Cited by 110
A Perceptually Tuned Watermarking Scheme for Color Images
Chou, C.-H., & Liu, K.-C. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2010.2052261 · Cited by 110
A New Robust Watermark Embedding into Wavelet DC Components
Joo, S., Suh, Y., Shin, J., et al. (2002) · ETRI Journal · doi:10.4218/etrij.02.0202.0502 · Cited by 109
A robust content-based digital image watermarking scheme
Qi, X., & Qi, J. (2006) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2006.11.002 · Cited by 109
A robust wavelet-based digital watermarking using level-adaptive thresholding
Kim, J. R., & Moon, Y. S. (1999) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.1999.822889 · Cited by 109
A watermarking technique based on one-way hash functions
Hwang, M., Chang, C.-C., & Hwang, K. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/30.793411 · Cited by 109
Steganalysis for Markov Cover Data With Applications to Images
Sullivan, K., Madhow, U., Chandrasekaran, S., & Manjunath, B. S. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2006.873595 · Cited by 109
Adaptive watermark mechanism for rightful ownership protection
Chang, C., & Lin, P.-Y. (2007) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2007.07.036 · Cited by 108
Data Embedding in JPEG Bitstream by Code Mapping
Mobasseri, B. G., Berger, R. J., Marcinak, M. P., et al. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2009.2035227 · Cited by 108
A Note on the Limits of Collusion-Resistant Watermarks
Ergün, F., Kilian, J., & Kumar, R. (1999) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-48910-x_10 · Cited by 108
Self-citationData hiding based on the similarity between neighboring pixels with reversibility
Li, Y.-C., Yeh, C.-M., & Chang, C. (2009) · Digital Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2009.10.025 · Cited by 107
A fragile watermarking scheme for detecting malicious modifications of database relations
GUO, H., Li, Y., Liu, A., et al. (2005) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2005.06.003 · Cited by 107
Nonnegative matrix factorization and its applications in pattern recognition
Liu, W., Zheng, N., & You, Q. (2006) · Chinese Science Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s11434-005-1109-6 · Cited by 107
A class of authentication digital watermarks for secure multimedia communication
Me, L., & Arce, G. R. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/83.967402 · Cited by 107
A copyright protection scheme for digital images using visual cryptography technique
Lou, D., Tso, H.-K., & Liu, J.-L. (2006) · Computer Standards & Interfaces · doi:10.1016/j.csi.2006.02.003 · Cited by 106
Significant region based robust watermarking scheme in lifting wavelet transform domain
Verma, V. S., Jha, R. K., & Ojha, A. (2015) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2015.06.041 · Cited by 106
Statistical invisibility for collusion-resistant digital video watermarking
Su, K., Kundur, D., & Hatzinakos, D. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2004.840617 · Cited by 106
An Adaptive Compressed MPEG-2 Video Watermarking Scheme
Biswas, S., Das, S. R., & Petriu, E. M. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2005.855084 · Cited by 106
Generalized watermarking attack based on watermark estimation and perceptual remodulation
Voloshynovskiy, S., Pereira, S., Herrigel, A., et al. (2000) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.384990 · Cited by 106
Capacity issues in digital image watermarking
Servetto, S. D., Podilchuk, C. I., & Ramchandran, K. (2002) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.1998.723521 · Cited by 106
Robust Digital Watermarking Techniques for Copyright Protection of Digital Data: A Survey
Kadian, P., Arora, S. M., & Arora, N. R. (2021) · Wireless Personal Communications · doi:10.1007/s11277-021-08177-w · Cited by 105
Digital image watermarking technique based onvector quantisation
Lu, Z., & Sun, S. (2000) · Electronics Letters · doi:10.1049/el:20000309 · Cited by 105
Joint coding and embedding techniques for MultimediaFingerprinting
He, S., & Wu, M. H. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2006.873597 · Cited by 105
Maxemchuk, N. F., & Low, S. H. (1997) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.1997.631958 · Cited by 105
Cover-Lossless Robust Image Watermarking Against Geometric Deformations
Hu, R., & Xiang, S. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2020.3036727 · Cited by 104
Region-based image watermarking
Nikolaidis, A., & Pitas, I. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/83.967400 · Cited by 104
Optimal Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on LWT-SVD via Multi-objective Ant Colony Optimization
Loukhaoukha, K. (2011) · J. Inf. Hiding Multim. Signal Process. · Cited by 103
Lossless data hiding in JPEG bitstream
Qian, Z., & Zhang, X. (2011) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2011.08.015 · Cited by 103
A robust watermarking scheme using self-reference image
Liu, J.-L., Lou, D., Chang, M.-C., et al. (2005) · Computer Standards & Interfaces · doi:10.1016/j.csi.2005.07.001 · Cited by 102
Electronic watermarking: the first 50 years
Cox, I. J., & Miller, M. L. (2002) · IEEE Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP) · doi:10.1109/mmsp.2001.962738 · Cited by 102
Self-citationA blind audio watermarking algorithm with self-synchronization
Huang, J., Wang, Y., & Shi, Y. (2003) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2002.1010302 · Cited by 101
Robust watermarking of polygonal meshes
Wagner, M. G. (2000) · doi:10.1109/gmap.2000.838252 · Cited by 101
Blind digital watermarking method in the fractional Fourier transform domain
Lang, J., & Zhang, Z.-G. (2013) · Optics and Lasers in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2013.08.021 · Cited by 100
Ahmaderaghi, B., Kurugöllü, F., del Rincón, J. M., et al. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging · doi:10.1109/tci.2018.2794065 · Cited by 100
Fault resilient and compression tolerant digital signature for image authentication
Lou, D., & Liu, J.-L. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/30.826378 · Cited by 100
Watermarking polygonal lines using fourier descriptors
Solachidis, V., & Pitas, I. (2004) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/mcg.2004.1297010 · Cited by 100
Fast public-key watermarking of compressed video
Hartung, F. H., & Girod, B. (2002) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.1997.647966 · Cited by 100
SVD-Based Adaptive QIM Watermarking on Stereo Audio Signals
Hwang, M.-J., Lee, J., Lee, M., et al. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2017.2721642 · Cited by 99
An adaptive digital image watermarking technique for copyright protection
Lee, C.-H., & Lee, Y.-K. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/30.809176 · Cited by 99
Digital image watermarking: an overview
Nikolaidis, N., & Pitas, I. (2003) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems (ICMCS) · doi:10.1109/mmcs.1999.779111 · Cited by 98
On the security of an SVD-based ownership watermarking
Wu, Y. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2005.846774 · Cited by 98
Hernandez, J. R., Pérez‐González, F., Rodriguez, J. M., et al. (1998) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/49.668974 · Cited by 98
Robust spatial watermarking technique for colour images via direct saturation adjustment
Huang, P. S., Chiang, C.-L., Chang, C.-P., et al. (2005) · IEE Proceedings - Vision Image and Signal Processing · doi:10.1049/ip-vis:20041081 · Cited by 97
Technical trials and legal tribulations
Craver, S. A., Yeo, B.-L., & Yeung, M. M. (1998) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/278476.278486 · Cited by 97
Wang, X., Chang, C., Nguyen, T., et al. (2012) · Digital Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2012.06.015 · Cited by 96
A new video watermarking algorithm based on 1D DFT and Radon transform
Liu, Y., & Zhao, J. (2009) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2009.08.001 · Cited by 96
A temporal domain audio watermarking technique
Lemma, A. N., Aprea, J., Oomen, W., et al. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tsp.2003.809372 · Cited by 96
Discrete Wavelet Transform and Data Expansion Reduction in Homomorphic Encrypted Domain
Zheng, P., & Huang, J. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2013.2253474 · Cited by 95
Gangadhar, Y., Akula, G., & Reddy, P. C. (2018) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2018.02.007 · Cited by 95
Survey of information security
Chang-xiang, S., Zhang, H., Feng, D., Cao, Z., & Huang, J. (2007) · Science in China Series F Information Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11432-007-0037-2 · Cited by 96
Image watermarking method in multiwavelet domain based on support vector machines
Peng, H. J., Wang, J., & Wang, W. (2010) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2010.03.006 · Cited by 93
Robust Multiplicative Patchwork Method for Audio Watermarking
Kalantari, N. K., Akhaee, M. A., Ahadi, S. M., et al. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing · doi:10.1109/tasl.2009.2019259 · Cited by 93
Wavelet based watermarking method fordigital images using the human visual system
Kim, Kwon, & Park, R. (1999) · Electronics Letters · doi:10.1049/el:19990327 · Cited by 93
Digital watermarking of low bit-rate advanced simple profile MPEG-4 compressed video
Alattar, A. M., Lin, E. T., & Celik, M. U. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2003.815958 · Cited by 93
Robust Digital Watermarking in the Ridgelet Domain
Campisi, P., Kundur, D., & Neri, A. (2004) · IEEE Signal Processing Letters · doi:10.1109/lsp.2004.835463 · Cited by 93
Efficient Spatial Image Watermarking via New Perceptual Masking and Blind Detection Schemes
Karybali, I. G., & Berberidis, K. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2006.873652 · Cited by 93
Applications of data hiding in digital images
Fridrich, J. (2003) · International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications (ISSPA) · doi:10.1109/isspa.1999.818099 · Cited by 93
Correlation-and-Bit-Aware Spread Spectrum Embedding for Data Hiding
Valizadeh, A., & Wang, Z. J. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2010.2103061 · Cited by 92
Sharma, S., Sharma, H., & Sharma, J. B. (2019) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2019.105696 · Cited by 92
Robust watermarking of point-sampled geometry
Cotting, D., Weyrich, T., Pauly, M. V., et al. (2004) · doi:10.1109/smi.2004.1314510 · Cited by 92
Resistance of digital watermarks to collusive attacks
Kilian, J., Leighton, F. T., Matheson, L., Shamoon, T. G., Tarjan, R. E., & Zane, F. (2002) · IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT) · doi:10.1109/isit.1998.708876 · Cited by 92
Self-citationXiang, Y., Natgunanathan, I., Peng, D., et al. (2017) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing · doi:10.1109/taslp.2017.2782487 · Cited by 91
A DWT-SVD based Robust Digital Watermarking for Digital Images
Poonam, & Arora, S. M. (2018) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2018.05.076 · Cited by 91
Differential evolution algorithm for the selection of optimal scaling factors in image watermarking
Ali, M., Ahn, C. W., & Siarry, P. (2013) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2013.07.009 · Cited by 91
Sadreazami, H., Ahmad, M. O., & Swamy, M. N. S. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2014.2339633 · Cited by 90
RRW—A Robust and Reversible Watermarking Technique for Relational Data
Iftikhar, S., Kamran, M., & Anwar, Z. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/tkde.2014.2349911 · Cited by 90
Metadata
- Authors
- Cox, I. J., Kilian, J., Leighton, F. T., & Shamoon, T.
- Affiliations
- NEC (Japan) (JP)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- ORCID
- Cox, I.J.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
- Published
- 1997-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1673-1687
- ISSN
- 1057-7149 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-0042
- OpenAlex
- W2116467012
- Semantic Scholar
- a5eaa0b77d774745409499be2a2f16c506156161
- Cited by
- 5,299
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 168 · 2015: 201 · 2014: 211 · 2013: 240 · 2012: 289
- FWCI
- 98.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Image Processing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Digital Media Forensic Detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Data Compression Techniques
- Keywords
- digital watermarking, spread spectrum watermarking, tamper resistance, Gaussian random vectors, image watermarking, watermark robustness, lossy compression, geometric transformations, image registration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
