The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A frequency warping approach to speaker normalization
Open accessAbstract
In an effort to reduce the degradation in speech recognition performance caused by variation in vocal tract shape among speakers, a frequency warping approach to speaker normalization is investigated. A set of low complexity, maximum likelihood based frequency warping procedures have been applied to speaker normalization for a telephone based connected digit recognition task. This paper presents an efficient means for estimating a linear frequency warping factor and a simple mechanism for implementing frequency warping by modifying the filterbank in mel-frequency cepstrum feature analysis. An experimental study comparing these techniques to other well-known techniques for reducing variability is described. The results have shown that frequency warping is consistently able to reduce word error rate by 20% even for very short utterances.
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Cites
Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data Via the EM Algorithm
Dempster, A. P., Laird, N. M., & Rubin, D. B. (1977) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x · Cited by 50,444
A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition
Rabiner, L. R. (1989) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.18626 · Cited by 22,743
Fundamentals of speech recognition
Rabiner, L. R., & Juang, B.-H. F. (1993) · Cited by 7,680
Davis, S., & Mermelstein, P. (1980) · IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tassp.1980.1163420 · Cited by 5,465
Maximum a posteriori estimation for multivariate Gaussian mixture observations of Markov chains
Gauvain, J.-L., & Lee, C.-H. (1994) · IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing · doi:10.1109/89.279278 · Cited by 2,108
A Probabilistic Distance Measure for Hidden Markov Models
Juang, B.-H., & Rabiner, L. R. (1985) · AT&T Technical Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1985.tb00439.x · Cited by 375
Speaker normalization using efficient frequency warping procedures
Lee, L., & Rose, R. C. (2002) · 1996 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Conference Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icassp.1996.541105 · Cited by 266
Self-citationA study on speaker adaptation of the parameters of continuous density hidden Markov models
Lee, C.-H., Lin, C.-H., & Juang, B.-H. (1991) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/78.80902 · Cited by 262
A parametric approach to vocal tract length normalization
Eide, E., & Gish, H. (2002) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.1996.541103 · Cited by 259
Normalization of vowels by vocal-tract length and its application to vowel identification
Wakita, H. (1977) · IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tassp.1977.1162929 · Cited by 196
Cited by
An empirical survey of data augmentation for time series classification with neural networks
Iwana, B. K., & Uchida, S. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254841 · Cited by 725
Data Augmentation for Deep Neural Network Acoustic Modeling
Cui, X., Goel, V., & Kingsbury, B. (2015) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing · doi:10.1109/taslp.2015.2438544 · Cited by 376
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, L., & Rose, R.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 49-60
- ISSN
- 1063-6676 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2164931619
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 15
- FWCI
- 6.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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