The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Normalization of vowels by vocal-tract length and its application to vowel identification
Abstract
A new approach to speech parameter normalization is presented in which no prior knowledge about the input speakers is required. The vocal-tract length and area function are first estimated from the acoustic speech waveform, and then the area function is normalized to an acoustic tube of the same shape having a certain reference length. The normalized formant frequencies are defined as the resonance frequencies of this acoustic tube. The distributions of unnormalized and normalized formant frequencies for 9 stationary American vowels were investigated with 14 male and 12 female speakers. Fairly compact distributions of the vowels in the normalized F1-F2-F3space were obtained. A preliminary identification test for stationary vowels based on this normalization method showed an expected average recognition rate of 84-96 percent for arbitrarily selected speakers, depending on the phonetic criteria adopted for defining "correct" identification.
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Cites
Control Methods Used in a Study of the Vowels
Peterson, G. E., & Barney, H. L. (1952) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.1906875 · Cited by 2,837
Cited by
Automatic speech recognition and speech variability: A review
Benzeghiba, M., De Mori, R., Deroo, O., Dupont, S., Erbes, T., Jouvet, D., Fissore, L., Laface, P., Mertins, A., Ris, C., et al. (2007) · Speech Communication · doi:10.1016/j.specom.2007.02.006 · Cited by 529
A frequency warping approach to speaker normalization
Lee, L., & Rose, R. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing · doi:10.1109/89.650310 · Cited by 294
Interacting with computers by voice: automatic speech recognition and synthesis
O'Shaughnessy, D. (2003) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2003.817117 · Cited by 132
Metadata
- Authors
- Wakita, H.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing
- Published
- 1977-04
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 183-192
- ISSN
- 0096-3518 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2156886787
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 4.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Wakita, H. (1977). Normalization of vowels by vocal-tract length and its application to vowel identification. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. https://doi.org/10.1109/tassp.1977.1162929
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