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Cited by 69Digitalization, Law, and RegulationPrivacy-Preserving Technologies in DataPrivacy, Security, and Data Protection

Visual Surveillance Within the EU General Data Protection Regulation: A Technology Perspective

Open access
Asghar, Mamoona N., Kanwal, Nadia, Lee, Brian, Fleury, Martin, Herbst, Marco, Qiao, Yuansong·2019·IEEE Access
DOI 10.1109/access.2019.2934226
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Abstract

From an individual's perspective, technological advancement has merits and demerits. Video captured by surveillance cameras while a person goes about their daily life may improve their personal safety but the images collected may also represent an invasion of their privacy. Because of the ease of digital information sharing, there exists a need to protect that visual information from illegal utilization by untrusted parties. The European parliament has ratified the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which has been effective since May 2018 with a view to ensuring the privacy of European Union (EU) citizens' and visitors' personal data. The regulation has introduced data safeguards through Pseudonymisation, Encryption, and Data protection-by-design. However, the regulation does not assist with technical and implementation procedures, such as video redaction, to establish those safeguards. This paper refers to the GDPR term “personal data” as “visual personal data” and aims to discuss regulatory safeguards of visual privacy, such as reversible protection, from the technological point-of-view. In the context of GDPR, the roles of machine learning (i.e. within computer vision), image processing, cryptography, and blockchain are explored as a way of deploying Data Protection-by-Design solutions for visual surveillance data. The paper surveys the existing market-based data protection solutions and provides suggestions for the development of GDPR-compliant Data Protection-by-Design video surveillance systems. The paper is also relevant for those entities interacting with EU citizens from outside the EU and for those regions not currently covered by such regulation that may soon implement similar provisions.

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  • Academic circles have different definitions of personal information, and different countries espouse different ideological expressions according to their own laws and regulations.

    “At present, academic circles have different definitions of personal information, and different countries espouse different ideological expressions according to their own laws and regulations [109].”

    From A Survey of IoT Privacy Security: Architecture, Technology, Challenges, and Trends (2024) · cites this paper as [109]

    The Introduction and “GDPR Description and Definitions” section discuss how GDPR defines personal data; Section II describes harmonizing data-protection law across EU countries. Our copy does not say that academic definitions differ or that countries express differing concepts of personal information under their own laws (searched for academic definitions and country-specific legal definitions). The retrieved passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.75)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Data has become an important resource for the development of the information society and the cornerstone of the development of the IoT industry.

    “Data has become an important resource for the development of the information society and the cornerstone of the development of the IoT industry [109].”

    From A Survey of IoT Privacy Security: Architecture, Technology, Challenges, and Trends (2024) · cites this paper as [109]

    The Introduction discusses digitized collection of personal data and its use by companies, but does not describe data as a resource for developing the information society. Searches for the claimed role of data in IoT industry development found no passage addressing it; the paper instead focuses on GDPR-compliant visual surveillance. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Asghar, M. N., Kanwal, N., Lee, B., Fleury, M., Herbst, M., & Qiao, Y.
Affiliations
  • Athlone Institute of Technology (IE)
  • University of Suffolk (GB)
ORCID
Venue
IEEE Access
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published
2019
Volume
7
Pages
111709-111726
ISSN
2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1109/access.2019.2934226
OpenAlex
W2967606168
Cited by
69
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3
FWCI
61.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Research@THEA (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Marie Skłodowska-Curie (MSC) Career-FIT Postdoc Fellowship (MF 2018-0179)
  • European Union’s Horizon2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the MSC (713654)
  • Science Foundation Ireland (SFI 16/RC/3918)
  • European Regional Development Fund
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Privacy, Security, and Data Protection
Keywords
General Data Protection Regulation, video surveillance, visual privacy, personal data protection, data protection by design, pseudonymization, encryption, blockchain, machine learning, computer vision, image processing, privacy compliance

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