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Cited by 37Microgrid Control and OptimizationFrequency Control in Power SystemsPower Systems and Renewable Energy

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A Novel and Optimal Battery Sizing Procedure Based on MG Frequency Security Criterion Using Coordinated Application of BESS, LED Lighting Loads, and Photovoltaic Systems

Open access
Bagheri-Sanjareh, Mehrdad, Nazari, Mohamad Hassan, Gharehpetian, Gevork B.·2020·IEEE Access
DOI 10.1109/access.2020.2995461
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Abstract

This paper proposes a novel and optimal battery sizing procedure for the primary frequency control (PFC) of islanded microgrid (MG). The Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Photovoltaic (PV) systems and LED Lighting Loads (LEDLLs) are coordinated to quickly intercept frequency deviation in the stage of PFC. The PVs decrease their power generation in the case of surplus of power generation. The LEDLLs decrease their power consumption in the case of power shortage. The BESS participates in PFC in both cases by injecting/absorbing power. Some batteries with overloading characteristics are capable of fast discharge/charge for a short period, which can be used to reduce the required battery size for PFC application. The conventional overloading characteristics is based on constant power discharge/charge, but the BESS power varies in response to frequency deviation. To overcome this problem, a modified overloading characteristic is presented based on variable power discharge/charge, which is used to propose a battery sizing algorithm. The Genetic Algorithm is used to optimally determine the frequency controllers’ coefficients of the BESS, PVs and LEDLLs to minimize the required battery size while maintaining the MG frequency within safe operational limits. The proposed battery sizing procedure is evaluated on the CIGRE low voltage benchmark system using simulation in MATLAB/Simulink software. The results show that beside the overloading characteristics of the battery, the participation of PVs and LEDLLs in PFC also reduces the required battery size, because their participation reduces the share of BESS participation in PFC.

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Crossref · 10.1109/access.2020.2995461

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Figures

FIGURE 1 Schematic diagram of manuscript sections and their connections.
FIGURE 1 Schematic diagram of manuscript sections and their connections.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 2 The contribution characteristics of (a) BESS, (b) LEDLLs and (c) PVs in PFC.
FIGURE 2 The contribution characteristics of (a) BESS, (b) LEDLLs and (c) PVs in PFC.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 3 BESS unit.
FIGURE 3 BESS unit.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 4 Controller of BESS power reference.
FIGURE 4 Controller of BESS power reference.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 5 Controller of DGs power generation.
FIGURE 5 Controller of DGs power generation.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 6 Grid-connected PV system.
FIGURE 6 Grid-connected PV system.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 7 PV characteristics for different solar irradiances and temperatures.
FIGURE 7 PV characteristics for different solar irradiances and temperatures.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 8 Modified PV converter controller for participation in PFC.
FIGURE 8 Modified PV converter controller for participation in PFC.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 9 The mechanism of PV contribution in PFC. (a) Duty cycle with respect to frequency, (b) Voltage with respect to duty cycle, (c) Power with respect to voltage, (d) Droop characteristic of PV.
FIGURE 9 The mechanism of PV contribution in PFC. (a) Duty cycle with respect to frequency, (b) Voltage with respect to duty cycle, (c) Power with respect to voltage, (d) Droop characteristic of PV.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 10 LEDLLs model and its controller for participation in PFC.
FIGURE 10 LEDLLs model and its controller for participation in PFC.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 11 LEDLL model and its controller for participation in PFC.
FIGURE 11 LEDLL model and its controller for participation in PFC.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 12 The overloading characteristics of a battery (Discharge mode).
FIGURE 12 The overloading characteristics of a battery (Discharge mode).CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 13 The overloading characteristics of a battery (Charge mode).
FIGURE 13 The overloading characteristics of a battery (Charge mode).CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 14 Battery sizing algorithm.
FIGURE 14 Battery sizing algorithm.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 15 The process of optimal battery sizing using GA.
FIGURE 15 The process of optimal battery sizing using GA.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 16 MG under study.
FIGURE 16 MG under study.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 17 DGs power generation during shortage scenario.
FIGURE 17 DGs power generation during shortage scenario.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 18 MG Frequency during shortage scenario.
FIGURE 18 MG Frequency during shortage scenario.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 19
CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 20 MG Frequency during surplus scenario.
FIGURE 20 MG Frequency during surplus scenario.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 21 DGs power generation and LEDLLs power consumption during shortage scenario.
FIGURE 21 DGs power generation and LEDLLs power consumption during shortage scenario.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 22
CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 23 DGs power generation during surplus scenario.
FIGURE 23 DGs power generation during surplus scenario.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 24 MG frequency during surplus scenario.
FIGURE 24 MG frequency during surplus scenario.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 25 Duty cycle of PVs converters.
FIGURE 25 Duty cycle of PVs converters.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 26
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 27
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 28
CC-BY · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Bagheri-Sanjareh, M., Nazari, M. H., & Gharehpetian, G. B.
Affiliations
Amirkabir University of Technology (IR)
ORCID
Venue
IEEE Access
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published
2020
Volume
8
Pages
95345-95359
ISSN
2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1109/access.2020.2995461
OpenAlex
W3027616065
Cited by
37
References
0
Citations by year
2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 6
FWCI
3.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Microgrid Control and Optimization
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Frequency Control in Power Systems
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Power Systems and Renewable Energy
Keywords
battery sizing, primary frequency control, islanded microgrids, battery energy storage, photovoltaic systems, frequency security, frequency deviation, genetic algorithm optimization

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A Novel and Optimal Battery Sizing Procedure Based on MG Frequency Security Criterion Using Coordinated Application of BESS, LED Lighting Loads, and Photovoltaic Systems. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/access.2020.2995461
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Bagheri-Sanjareh, M., Nazari, M. H., & Gharehpetian, G. B. (2020). A Novel and Optimal Battery Sizing Procedure Based on MG Frequency Security Criterion Using Coordinated Application of BESS, LED Lighting Loads, and Photovoltaic Systems. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2995461