Anonymity Preserving IoT-Based COVID-19 and Other Infectious Disease Contact Tracing Model
Open accessAbstract
Automated digital contact tracing is effective and efficient, and one of the non-pharmaceutical complementary approaches to mitigate and manage epidemics like Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite the advantages of digital contact tracing, it is not widely used in the western world, including the US and Europe, due to strict privacy regulations and patient rights. We categorized the current approaches for contact tracing, namely: mobile service-provider-application, mobile network operators' call detail, citizen-application, and IoT-based. Current measures for infection control and tracing do not include animals and moving objects like cars despite evidence that these moving objects can be infection carriers. In this article, we designed and presented a novel privacy anonymous IoT model. We presented an RFID proof-of-concept for this model. Our model leverages blockchain's trust-oriented decentralization for on-chain data logging and retrieval. Our model solution will allow moving objects to receive or send notifications when they are close to a flagged, probable, or confirmed diseased case, or flagged place or object. We implemented and presented three prototype blockchain smart contracts for our model. We then simulated contract deployments and execution of functions. We presented the cost differentials. Our simulation results show less than one-second deployment and call time for smart contracts, though, in real life, it can be up to 25 seconds on Ethereum public blockchain. Our simulation results also show that it costs an average of $1.95 to deploy our prototype smart contracts, and an average of $0.34 to call our functions. Our model will make it easy to identify clusters of infection contacts and help deliver a notification for mass isolation while preserving individual privacy. Furthermore, it can be used to understand better human connectivity, model similar other infection spread network, and develop public policies to control the spread of COVID-19 while preparing for future epidemics.
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Blockchain with its distributed nature can work well when any party fails due to its decentralized nature.
“Specially, blockchain with its distributed nature can work well when any party fails due to its decentralized nature [12].”
From Blockchain and AI-Based Solutions to Combat Coronavirus (COVID-19)-Like Epidemics: A Survey (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
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- Authors
- Garg, L., Chukwu, E., Nasser, N., Chakraborty, C., & Garg, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Malta (MT)
- Alfaisal University (SA)
- Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra (IN)
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Garg, Lalit
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 159402-159414
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8545304
- OpenAlex
- W3082692902
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 45.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OAR@UM (University of Malta) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Alfaisal University under Internal Research Grant C20220 and in part by the University of Malta’s Research Innovation & Development Trust (E18LO77-01)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Supply Chain Traceability
- Keywords
- digital contact tracing, COVID-19 pandemic, privacy preservation, Internet of Things, RFID, blockchain, smart contracts, Ethereum
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