Systematic Survey on Visually Meaningful Image Encryption Techniques
Open accessAbstract
Due to advancements in technology, digital images are widely used in various applications like medical field, military communication, remote sensing, etc. These images may contain sensitive and confidential information. Therefore, images are required to be protected from unauthorized access. Many image protection techniques have been proposed in past years. The most common technique to protect the images is encryption. In this technique, a secret key and an encryption algorithm are used to change the plain image into an encrypted image. The encrypted image looks like a noisy image and can easily attracts the attacker’s attention. If image gets captured and stacked, sensitive information can be revealed. In this regard, Visually Meaningful Encrypted Image (VMEI) technique is developed, which initially encrypts the original image and then hides it into a reference image. The final encrypted image looks like a normal image. Hence, VMEI technique provides more security as compared to simple image encryption techniques. Therefore, a systematic survey on existing VMEI techniques is presented in this paper. The VMEI techniques are divided into different categories based on their characteristics. Moreover, this paper elaborates and investigates the improvements and analyses performed on VMEI techniques based on various evaluation parameters. These evaluation parameters are divided into different categories such as security attacks, encryption key attacks, quality analysis, and noise attacks. Finally, this paper discusses the potential applications and the future challenges of VMEI techniques.
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A robust and secure image encryption algorithm should produce two completely different cipher images when encrypting with two keys that differ by only one bit.
“A robust and secure algorithm should produce two completely different cipher images when encrypted by two keys that are different by only one bit.”
From Image Encryption Algorithms: A Survey of Design and Evaluation Metrics (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
The “Key Sensitivity Analysis” section says that a small key modification may create completely different results, supporting the general principle. It does not specify a one-bit difference or require two completely different cipher images; its stated test is whether a slightly changed key prevents recovery of the original image. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA robust and secure image encryption algorithm should not be able to decrypt a cipher image and retrieve the plaintext image with a key that has one bit altered.
“Furthermore, it should not be able to decrypt a cipher image and retrieve the plaintext image with a key that has one bit altered [65].”
From Image Encryption Algorithms: A Survey of Design and Evaluation Metrics (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
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“Furthermore, it should not be able to decrypt a cipher image and retrieve the plaintext image with a key that has one bit altered [65].”
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- Authors
- Himthani, V., Dhaka, V. S., Kaur, M., Singh, D., & Lee, H.-N.
- Affiliations
- Manipal University Jaipur (IN)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2022
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 98360-98373
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4293811990
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 1.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant through the Korean Government (NRF-2021R1A2B5B03002118)
- Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), South Korea, through the Information Technology Research Center
- Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation (IITP-2021-0-01835)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Computer Science and Engineering
- Keywords
- image encryption, image steganography, image security, noise attacks, security attacks, image quality analysis
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