Integrating VR, AR, and haptics in basic surgical skills training: A review and perspective
Open accessAbstract
Traditional surgical training faces challenges related to sustainability, cost, and ethical considerations. Limited access to resources, ethical concerns about cadaver-based learning, limited availability of surgical cases, and the high costs associated with hands-on training impede the effectiveness and accessibility of surgical education. Despite these challenges, the need for direct tactile experience remains critical, as it fosters the development of essential motor skills and tactile abilities vital for surgical practice. However, advancements in immersive technologies such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and haptics offer a promising solution to address these challenges. VR and AR technologies offer realistic, controlled environments where learners can visualise anatomical structures and practice surgical procedures without risks. The integration of haptic feedback in these immersive simulations further enriches the learning process by adding the sense of touch and physical interaction, aiding in mastering critical surgical skills. The incorporation of immersive technologies in surgical training presents an opportunity to address the constraints of conventional methods. These technologies offer the possibility of creating platforms that replicate real-life surgical scenarios, allowing learners to hone their skills and build confidence in a safe and controlled environment. Moreover, immersive learning offers an ethical alternative to cadaver-based training and extends access to training materials irrespective of geographical limitations. Such an approach allows for step-based training, where students may begin acquiring skills through immersive learning, then move to special surgical simulators, and finally to patients. This article deals with the impact of immersive technologies such as VR, AR, and haptics on reshaping conventional surgical training, by focusing specifically on basic surgical skills. Targeting educators, medical experts, and involved parties, the article aims to stimulate additional exploration and adoption of immersive technologies to elevate surgical competencies and patient care standards.
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Deploying automated or cloud-based AR protocols alleviates the financial and human resource burdens on institutional wellness programs and government-funded public health sectors, fostering a more resilient healthcare ecosystem.
“On a macroeconomic scale, deploying automated or cloud-based AR protocols alleviates the financial and human resource burdens on institutional wellness programs and government-funded public health sectors, fostering a more resilient healthcare ecosystem [37].”
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- Authors
- Sanfilippo, F., Salvietti, G., Blažauskas, T., Gabriele, G., Zafar, M., Tuan Hua, M., Hamza Zafar, M., Kumayl Raza Moosavi, S., Armalis, P., Poursina, M., Ignatavicius, P., Subocius, A., Parseliunas, A., & Margelis, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Agder (NO)
- University of Siena (IT)
- Kaunas University of Technology (LT)
- Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway
- Department of Surgery, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2025
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 99203-99220
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4410770745
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 17.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- KTUePubl (Repository of Kaunas University of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Use Siena air (University of Siena) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Surgical Simulation and Training
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Anatomy and Medical Technology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare
- Keywords
- virtual reality, augmented reality, haptic feedback, surgical skills training, basic surgical skills, immersive simulation, surgical training, tactile learning, surgical simulator, stepwise training
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