The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The electric power system of the International Space Station-a platform for power technology development
Abstract
The electrical power system developed for the International Space Station represents the largest space-based power system ever designed and, consequently, has driven some key technology aspects and operational challenges. The full U.S.-built system consists of a 160 V DC primary network, and a more tightly regulated 120 V DC secondary network. Additionally, the U.S. system interfaces with the 28 V system in the Russian segment. The international nature of the Station has resulted in modular converters, switchgear, outlet panels, and other components being built by different countries, with the associated interface challenges. This paper provides details of the architecture and unique hardware developed for the Space Station, and examines the opportunities it provides for further long-term space power technology development, such as concentrating solar arrays and flywheel energy storage systems.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“the only habitable environment in space International Space Station (ISS) still uses solar PV arrays along with rechargeable batteries [17].”
From Optimal Sizing and Siting of PV and Battery Based Space Microgrids Near the Moon’s Shackleton Crater (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
Citations
Cites
Gholdston, E. W., Karimi, K. J., Lee, F. C., Rajagopalan, J., Panov, Y., & Manners, B. (2002) · Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference · doi:10.1109/iecec.1996.552865 · Cited by 63
Self-citationFlywheel technology and potential benefits for aerospace applications
Christopher, D. A., & Donet, C. (2002) · Proceedings - IEEE Aerospace Conference · doi:10.1109/aero.1998.686815 · Cited by 15
International Space Station U.S. Major Element Laboratory Power Quality Test
Wilde, R. K., Aintablian, H., & Gholdston, E. W. (1999) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/1999-01-2434 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Space sails for achieving major space exploration goals: Historical review and future outlook
Berthet, M., Schalkwyk, J., Çelik, O., Sengupta, D., Fujino, K., Hein, A. M., Tenorio, L., dos Santos, J. C., Worden, S. P., Mauskopf, P. D., et al. (2024) · Progress in Aerospace Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2024.101047 · Cited by 60
Voltage Regulation of DC-Microgrid With PV and Battery
Sun, J., Lin, W. T., Hong, M., & Loparo, K. A. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2020.3005415 · Cited by 55
Design and Optimization of a Solar Power Conversion System for Space Applications
D’Antonio, M., Shi, C. L., Wu, B., & Khaligh, A. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2019.2891228 · Cited by 47
Optimal Sizing and Siting of PV and Battery Based Space Microgrids Near the Moon’s Shackleton Crater
Saha, D., Bazmohammadi, N., Raya-Armenta, J. M., Bintoudi, A. D., Lashab, A., Vasquez, J. C., & Guerrero, J. M. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3239303 · Cited by 32
“arrays along with rechargeable batteries [17].”
Voltage Stability of Spacecraft Electric Power Systems for Deep Space Exploration
Carbone, M. A., Sajadi, A., Murray, J. M., Csank, J. T., & Loparo, K. A. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3266723 · Cited by 29
Isachenkov, M., Gorokh, I., Makarov, E., Verkhoturov, D., Khmelenko, P., Garzaniti, N., & Golkar, A. (2023) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2022.07.075 · Cited by 26
Comparison of DC-DC converters for solar power conversion system
Mishra, D. P., Senapati, R., & Salkuti, S. R. (2022) · Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science · doi:10.11591/ijeecs.v26.i2.pp648-655 · Cited by 22
DC/DC Converter for the International Space Station
Belloni, F., Maranesi, P. G., & Riva, M. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2010.5461645 · Cited by 20
A First Resilient DC-Dominated Microgrid for Mission-Critical Space Applications
Tan, D. F. D., Baxter, D., Foroozan, S., & Crane, S. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2016.2615763 · Cited by 16
Spacecraft Medium Voltage Direct-Current (MVDC) Power and Propulsion System
Talebzadeh, S., & Beik, O. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13101810 · Cited by 15
Noise characteristics in spaceflight multichannel EEG
Fiedler, P., Haueisen, J., Alvarez, A. M. C., Cheron, G. A., Cuesta, P., Maestú, F., & Funke, M. E. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280822 · Cited by 14
Olawade, D. B., Ijiwade, J. O., & Wada, O. Z. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179145 · Cited by 13
Laser ablation induced impulse study for removal of space debris mission using small satellite
Tsuno, K., Wada, S., Ogawa, T., Saito, N., Fukushima, T., Ebisuzaki, T., Nakamura, Y., & Sasoh, A. (2022) · Applied Physics A · doi:10.1007/s00339-022-05983-2 · Cited by 13
Dey, S., Mallik, A., & Akturk, A. (2022) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition · doi:10.1109/apec43599.2022.9773396 · Cited by 13
Design of an All-SiC Parallel DC/DC Weinberg Converter Unit Using RF Control
Mazumder, S. K., Acharya, K., & Tan, C. M. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2008.2004876 · Cited by 14
Physics Informed Neural Network—Estimated Circuit Parameter Adaptive Modulation of DAB
Dey, S., & Mallik, A. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2025.3574873 · Cited by 11
Design of an All-SiC Radio-frequency Controlled Parallel DC-DC Converter Unit
Mazumder, S. K., Acharya, K., & Tan, C. M. (2007) · IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC) · doi:10.1109/pesc.2007.4342468 · Cited by 14
Design and Optimization of a Solar Power Conversion System for Space Applications
D’Antonio, M., Shi, C. L., Wu, B., & Khaligh, A. (2018) · IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS) · doi:10.1109/ias.2018.8544718 · Cited by 8
The analogue experiment of small space debris impact inducing solar array discharge
Li, H., Han, J., Cai, M., & Tao, M. (2020) · International Journal of Impact Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2020.103582 · Cited by 7
Modeling and simulation of the International Space Station ( ISS ) electrical power system
Kuzlu, M., Abalos, K., Elma, O., Popescu, O., & Pipattanasomporn, M. (2021) · International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems · doi:10.1002/2050-7038.12980 · Cited by 6
Review of electricity islands in space application: Architecture and function blocks
Xuefei, Z., Niancheng, Z., Yongjie, L., Qianggang, W., Liao, J., Yiyao, Z., Yingjie, H., & Lyu, Y. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.115440 · Cited by 5
Yang, Q., Yang, Y., Li, R., Dou, Y., Dong, B., & Yang, A. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2021.3133875 · Cited by 5
Innovability for a Better World (and a New One?)
Ciorra, E., Polimanti, E., & Canino, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192899798.013.49 · Cited by 4
Dou, Y., Liu, T., Yang, A., & Dong, B. (2022) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.08.112 · Cited by 2
Sandoval, L. V., & Li, L. (2025) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.147159 · Cited by 1
Autonomous and high stability margin power sharing control method for multiple S3R power systems
Zhu, H., Zhang, D., Li, T., & Wang, Z. (2016) · International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC) · doi:10.1109/ipemc.2016.7512847 · Cited by 1
Gramatikov, P., & Kirov, B. (2022) · Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences · doi:10.7546/crabs.2022.08.10
Lessons from Seven Decades of Space Exploration
Hollander, J. B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07528-5_3
Raj, R., & Krishnamoorthy, H. S. (2024) · IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference (TPEC) · doi:10.1109/tpec60005.2024.10472204
Wireless portable electroencephalography in short-duration human spaceflight
Shirah, B. H., Pusil, S. A., Maestú, F., Fiedler, P., Sen, J., Aladdin, Y. S., Mason, C. E., Pandya, S., Gonzalez, Y. M., Persad, A. H., et al. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33918-9.00011-0
Magnetocaloric Refrigeration for Space Exploration
McNerney, G. W. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-6437-6.ch020
Lunar Microgrid Systems Engineering Methodology for Resilient Design
Weitz, N., Vygoder, M., Bendre, S., Bossuyt, D. L. V., & Cuzner, R. M. (2025) · Systems Engineering · doi:10.1002/sys.70021
Energy Consumption Modeling for Closed‐Loop In‐Space Recycling Manufacturing Systems
Sandoval, L. V., Li, L., Deshpande, A. A., & Pan, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1155/er/3058440
Metadata
- Authors
- Gietl, E. B., Gholdston, E. W., Manners, B. A., & Delventhal, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Boeing (United States) (US)
- Glenn Research Center (US)
- Venue
- 2000 IEEE Aerospace Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.00TH8484)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2002-11-07
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 47-54
- ISSN
- 1095-323X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1952136784
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO) (publishedVersion)
- NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft Design and Technology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Space Technology and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Power Systems and Control
- Keywords
- International Space Station, space power systems, modular converter, switchgear, Russian segment, flywheel energy storage
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
