The DOI matches its Crossref record; 158 of the 165 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications
Open accessAbstract
This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.
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“The growth of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is leading to more industrial devices like sensors, instruments, controllers, and appliances being connected and becoming IP-enabled [24].”
From Seamless Industry 4.0 Integration: A Multilayered Cyber-Security Framework for Resilient SCADA Deployments in CPPS (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
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“TLMs are widely integrated into edge computing [140] and IoT environments [141], allowing devices to process and interpret natural language commands locally, without reliance on cloud infrastructure.”
From Tiny Language Models for Automation and Control: Overview, Potential Applications, and Future Research Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [141]
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Vicente, B. A., Sebastião, R., & Sencadas, V. (2024) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202404348 · Cited by 103
Survey of Promising Technologies for 5G Networks
Le, N. T., Hossain, M. A., Islam, A., Kim, D.-Y., Choi, Y., & Jang, Y. M. (2016) · Mobile Information Systems · doi:10.1155/2016/2676589 · Cited by 102
LEGIoT: A Lightweight Edge Gateway for the Internet of Things
Morabito, R., Petrolo, R., Loscrì, V., & Mitton, N. (2017) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2017.10.011 · Cited by 93
Flores-Vergara, A., García-Guerrero, E. E., Inzunza-González, E., López-Bonilla, O. R., Rodríguez-Orozco, E., Cárdenas-Valdez, J. R., & Tlelo‐Cuautle, E. (2019) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-019-04802-3 · Cited by 93
Serverless computing for Internet of Things: A systematic literature review
Cassel, G. A. S., Rodrigues, V. F., Righi, R. D. R., Bez, M. R., Nepomuceno, A. C., & da Costa, C. A. (2021) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2021.10.020 · Cited by 93
Incentive techniques for the Internet of Things: A survey
Maddikunta, P. K. R., Pham, Q., Nguyen, D. C., Huynh‐The, T., Aouedi, O., Yenduri, G., Bhattacharya, S., & Gadekallu, T. R. (2022) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2022.103464 · Cited by 97
López, O. L. A., Rosabal, O. M., Ruiz-Guirola, D. E., Raghuwanshi, P., Mikhaylov, K., Lovén, L., & Iyer, S. (2023) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3323832 · Cited by 113
“This approach should consider the specific EE problem, the architecture and the characteristics of the network, the available data, and the strengths and weaknesses of each ML algorithm [259]–[261].”
BackgroundSecuring the IoT Cyber Environment: Enhancing Intrusion Anomaly Detection With Vision Transformers
Sana, L., Nazir, M., Yang, J., Hussain, L., Chen, Y., Ku, C. S., Alatiyyah, M. H., Alateyah, S. A., & Por, L. Y. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3404778 · Cited by 109
Energy-Aware Real-Time Routing for Large-Scale Industrial Internet of Things
Long, N. B., Tran‐Dang, H., & Kim, D. (2018) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2827050 · Cited by 92
A fuzzy security protocol for trust management in the internet of things (Fuzzy-IoT)
Alshehri, M. D., & Hussain, F. K. (2018) · Computing · doi:10.1007/s00607-018-0685-7 · Cited by 92
Time-sensitive Intermittent Computing Meets Legacy Software
Kortbeek, V., Yıldırım, K. S., Bakar, A., Sorber, J. M., Hester, J. D., & Pawełczak, P. (2020) · International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) · doi:10.1145/3373376.3378476 · Cited by 92
On the fundamental limits of random non-orthogonal multiple access in cellular massive IoT
Shirvanimoghaddam, M., Condoluci, M., Döhler, M., & Johnson, S. J. (2017) · Figshare · Cited by 92
Data-driven prediction of battery failure for electric vehicles
Zhao, J., Ling, H., Wang, J., Burke, A. F., & Lian, Y. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104172 · Cited by 92
“In this study, we proposed a creative cloud-based closed loop solution for robustly and accurately predicting battery failure, with the maturity of the technologies on cloud-computing (Drake, 2014) and internet of things (IoT) (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015).”
Cai, X., Xu, W., Wang, L., & Kaddoum, G. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3169227 · Cited by 92
Internet-of-Things Curriculum, Pedagogy, and Assessment for STEM Education: A Review of Literature
Abichandani, P., Sivakumar, V., Lobo, D., Iaboni, C., & Shekhar, P. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3164709 · Cited by 114
Metadata
- Authors
- Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., & Ayyash, M.
- Affiliations
- Qatar University (QA)
- Western Michigan University (US)
- Chicago State University (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 2347-2376
- ISSN
- 1553-877X (ISSN-L)
- 2373-745X
- OpenAlex
- W2134295053
- Cited by
- 8,630
- References
- 165
- Citations by year
- 2026: 599 · 2025: 718 · 2024: 703 · 2023: 807 · 2022: 805 · 2021: 995 · 2020: 1145 · 2019: 1055 · 2018: 945 · 2017: 607 · 2016: 238 · 2015: 13
- FWCI
- 687.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials (publishedVersion)
- Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › IoT Networks and Protocols
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Keywords
- Internet of Things, IoT protocols, RFID, smart sensors, machine-to-machine communication, enabling technologies, IoT applications, big data analytics, cloud computing, fog computing, intelligent decision-making
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