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Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications
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This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.
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“The growth of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is leading to more industrial devices like sensors, instruments, controllers, and appliances being connected and becoming IP-enabled [24].”
From Seamless Industry 4.0 Integration: A Multilayered Cyber-Security Framework for Resilient SCADA Deployments in CPPS (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
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“TLMs are widely integrated into edge computing [140] and IoT environments [141], allowing devices to process and interpret natural language commands locally, without reliance on cloud infrastructure.”
From Tiny Language Models for Automation and Control: Overview, Potential Applications, and Future Research Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [141]
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A dependability evaluation for Internet of Things incorporating redundancy aspects
Macedo, D., Guedes, L. A., & da Silva, I. M. D. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC) · doi:10.1109/icnsc.2014.6819662 · Cited by 72
Reliability for Emergency Applications in Internet of Things
Maalel, N., Natalizio, E., Bouabdallah, A., Roux, P., & Kellil, M. (2013) · International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things (DCOSS-IoT) · doi:10.1109/dcoss.2013.40 · Cited by 72
IoT6 – Moving to an IPv6-Based Future IoT
Ziegler, S., Crettaz, C., Ladid, L., Krčo, S., Pokrić, B., Skármeta, A., Jara, A. J., Kästner, W., & Jung, M. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38082-2_14 · Cited by 65
Group Mobility Management for Large-Scale Machine-to-Machine Mobile Networking
Fu, H., Lin, P., Yue, H., Huang, G., & Lee, C.-P. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2013.2284596 · Cited by 65
Jara, A. J., Martínez-Julia, P., & Skármeta, A. (2012) · International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (IMIS) · doi:10.1109/imis.2012.200 · Cited by 63
ANGELS for distributed analytics in IoT
Mukherjee, A., Paul, H. S., Dey, S., & Banerjee, A. (2014) · IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) · doi:10.1109/wf-iot.2014.6803230 · Cited by 62
Building the Internet of Things with IPv6 and MIPv6: The Evolving World of M2M Communications
Minoli, D. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118647059 · Cited by 62
Enabling reliable and secure IoT-based smart city applications
Τράγος, Η., Angelakis, V., Fragkiadakis, A. G., Gundlegård, D., Nechifor, C.-S., Oikonomou, G., Pöhls, H. C., & Gavras, A. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops) · doi:10.1109/percomw.2014.6815175 · Cited by 62
A framework for evaluating Internet-of-Things platforms: Application provider viewpoint
Mazhelis, O., & Tyrväinen, P. (2014) · IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) · doi:10.1109/wf-iot.2014.6803137 · Cited by 58
Internet of Things Virtual Networks: Bringing Network Virtualization to Resource-Constrained Devices
Ishaq, I., Hoebeke, J., Moerman, I., & Demeester, P. M. A. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) · doi:10.1109/greencom.2012.152 · Cited by 58
RPL routing protocol in advanced metering infrastructures: An analysis of the unreliability problems
Ancillotti, E., Bruno, R., & Conti, M. (2012) · Cited by 57
Industry adoption of the Internet of Things: A constrained application protocol survey
Lerche, C., Hartke, K. S., & Kovatsch, M. (2012) · doi:10.1109/etfa.2012.6489787 · Cited by 52
Constructing Schedules for Time-Critical Data Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks
Pöttner, W.-B., Seidel, H. J., Brown, J., Roedig, U., & Wolf, L. C. (2014) · ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks · doi:10.1145/2494528 · Cited by 50
Availability Issues in Wireless Visual Sensor Networks
Costa, D. G., da Silva, I. M. D., Guedes, L. A., Vasques, F., & Portugal, P. (2014) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s140202795 · Cited by 48
Wireless sensor networks and LTE-A network convergence
Crosby, G. V., & Vafa, F. (2013) · Conference on Local Computer Networks · doi:10.1109/lcn.2013.6761322 · Cited by 46
Services and Key Technologies of the Internet of Things
Xing, X., Xiaojiang, Wang, Jianli, ., L., & Mingdong (2010) · Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni · Cited by 46
TSAaaS: Time Series Analytics as a Service on IoT
Xu, X., Huang, S., Chen, Y., Browny, K., Halilovicy, I., & Lu, W. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS) · doi:10.1109/icws.2014.45 · Cited by 42
Performance Analysis of RFID Protocols: CDMA Versus the Standard EPC Gen-2
Vahedi, E., Ward, R. K., & Blake, I. F. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tase.2013.2295394 · Cited by 40
Task allocation in group of nodes in the IoT: A consensus approach
Colistra, G., Pilloni, V., & Atzori, L. (2014) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2014.6883921 · Cited by 38
Michaelsen, K., Sanders, J. L., Zimmer, S. M., & Bump, G. M. (2013) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/671727 · Cited by 38
Performance comparison between slotted IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.1 lah in IoT based applications
Badihi, B., Pirskanen, J., Raeesi, O., Hazmi, A., & Valkama, M. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob) · doi:10.1109/wimob.2013.6673381 · Cited by 35
Performance assessment of OMG compliant data distribution middleware
Esposito, C., Russo, S., & Crescenzo, D. D. (2008) · Proceedings - IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium · doi:10.1109/ipdps.2008.4536566 · Cited by 33
Performance evaluation of the 6LoWPAN protocol on MICAz and TelosB motes
Cody-Kenny, B., Guerin, D., Ennis, D., Carbajo, R. S., Huggard, M., & McGoldrick, C. (2009) · ACM workshop on Performance monitoring and measurement of heterogeneous wireless and wired networks · doi:10.1145/1641913.1641917 · Cited by 33
Bio-inspired group mobility model for mobile ad hoc networks based on bird-flocking behavior
Misra, S., & Agarwal, P. (2011) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-011-0728-x · Cited by 33
A Resource Mobility Scheme for Service-Continuity in the Internet of Things
Ganz, F., Li, R., Barnaghi, P. M., & Harai, H. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) · doi:10.1109/greencom.2012.48 · Cited by 33
A service-oriented architecture for the transportation Cyber-Physical Systems
Li, Y., Dihua, S., Liu, W., & Zhang, X. (2012) · Cited by 28
A multiple communication standards compatible IoT system for medical usage
Wang, X., Wang, J. T., Zhang, X., & Song, J. (2013) · IEEE Faible Tension Faible Consommation · doi:10.1109/ftfc.2013.6577775 · Cited by 28
Chatty Things - Making the Internet of Things Readily Usable for the Masses with XMPP
Klauck, R., & Kirsche, M. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom) · doi:10.4108/icst.collaboratecom.2012.250464 · Cited by 28
Is IP everywhere the way ahead for building automation?
Finch, E. F. (2001) · Facilities · doi:10.1108/02632770110403365 · Cited by 27
IPv6 as a Global Addressing Scheme and Integrator for the Internet of Things and the Cloud
Ziegler, S., Crettaz, C., & Thomas, I. (2014) · International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA) · doi:10.1109/waina.2014.157 · Cited by 24
Wireless IoT Platform Based on SDR Technology
Lin, Y. H., Wang, Q., Wang, J. S., Shao, L., & Tang, J. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) · doi:10.1109/greencom-ithings-cpscom.2013.426 · Cited by 24
MODM-Based Evaluation Model of Service Quality in the Internet of Things
Fan, S., Wenxiao, S., Wang, N., & Yan, L. (2011) · Procedia Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2011.12.011 · Cited by 24
Uckelmann, D., Isenberg, M.-A., Teucke, M., Halfar, H., & Scholz‐Reiter, B. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03462-6_8 · Cited by 24
Techniques for Surviving the Mobile Data Explosion
Verma, D. C., & Verma, P. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118834404 · Cited by 19
Codo: confidential data storage for wireless sensor networks
Bağcı, İ. E., Pourmirza, M. R., Raza, S., Roedig, U., & Voigt, T. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS) · doi:10.1109/mass.2012.6708508 · Cited by 18
RFID and Auto-ID in Planning and Logistics: A Practical Guide for Military UID Applications
Jones, E. C., & Chung, C. A. (2011) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 17
Application of CDMA for anti-collision and increased read efficiency of multiple RFID tags
Maina, J. Y., Mickle, M. H., Lovell, M. R., & Schaefer, L. A. (2007) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2007.05.001 · Cited by 17
A Self-Reconfigurable Sensor Network Management System for Internet of Things Paradigm
Rajan, M. A., Balamuralidhar, P., Chethan, K. P., & Swarnahpriyaah, M. (2011) · International Conference on Devices and Communications · doi:10.1109/icdecom.2011.5738550 · Cited by 17
Wu, L., Xu, Y., Xu, C., & Wang, F. (2013) · International Conference on Sensor Networks · doi:10.5220/0004271700530058 · Cited by 17
Fine-grained management of CoAP interactions with constrained IoT devices
den Abeele, F. V., Hoebeke, J., Moerman, I., & Demeester, P. (2014) · IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS) · doi:10.1109/noms.2014.6838368 · Cited by 15
Park-A-Lot: An Automated Parking Management System
Yang, K.-P., Alkadi, G., Gautam, B., Sharma, A., Amatya, D., Charchut, S., & Jones, M. (2013) · Computer Science and Information Technology · doi:10.13189/csit.2013.010406 · Cited by 15
Supporting mobility for internet cars
Zhu, Z., Zhang, L., & Wakikawa, R. (2011) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2011.5762816 · Cited by 15
Gemini: A green deployment scheme for Internet of things
Liu, Y., Meng, Y. S., & Huang, J. (2013) · Wireless and Optical Communication Conference (WOCC) · doi:10.1109/wocc.2013.6676389 · Cited by 14
Uckelmann, D. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27991-1_4 · Cited by 14
Low-power Interoperability for the IPv6-based Internet of Things
Dunkels, A., Eriksson, J., & Tsiftes, N. (2011) · Cited by 14
A Passive Testing Approach for Protocols in Internet of Things
Che, X., & Maag, S. (2013) · doi:10.1109/greencom-ithings-cpscom.2013.124 · Cited by 14
A low-cost custom HF RFID system for hand washing compliance monitoring
Jain, S., Mane, S., Lopez, J., Lie, D. Y. C., Dallas, T. E., Dissanaike, S., Banister, R. E., & Griswold, J. (2009) · IEEE International Conference on ASIC (ASICON) · doi:10.1109/asicon.2009.5351530 · Cited by 13
Performance Evaluation of 6LoWPAN Gateway Used in Actual Network Environment
Bai, E., & Zhang, X. (2012) · International Conference on Control Engineering and Communication Technology · doi:10.1109/iccect.2012.196 · Cited by 12
Service Continuity for Subscribers of the Mobile Real World Internet
Elsaleh, T., Gluhak, A., & Moessner, K. (2011) · IEEE International Conference on Communications workshops · doi:10.1109/iccw.2011.5963604 · Cited by 10
Network Configuration Protocol Light (NETCONF Light)
Perelman, V., Ersue, M., Schönwälder, J., & Watsen, K. (2012) · Cited by 10
QUIP: a protocol for securing content in peer-to-peer publish/subscribe overlay networks
Corman, A. B., Schachte, P., & Teague, V. (2007) · Cited by 7
Integrated management model for terminal devices in pervasive communication networks
Lan-lan, R., Meng, L., Xue-song, Q., & Zhang, J. (2010) · International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering · doi:10.1109/iccae.2010.5451205 · Cited by 1
Flagged first, then by citations
7 of the 165 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Survey on Mobile Edge Computing: The Communication Perspective
Mao, Y., You, C., Zhang, J., Huang, K., & Letaief, K. B. (2017) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2745201 · Cited by 5,607
Mobile Edge Computing: A Survey
Abbas, N., Zhang, Y., Taherkordi, A., & Skeie, T. (2018) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2017.2750180 · Cited by 2,474
Lin, J., Yu, W., Zhang, N., Yang, X., Zhang, H., & Zhao, W. (2017) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2017.2683200 · Cited by 2,793
Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions
Sisinni, E., Saifullah, A., Han, S., Jennehag, U., & Gidlund, M. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2018.2852491 · Cited by 2,380
Deep Learning in Mobile and Wireless Networking: A Survey
Zhang, C., Patras, P., & Haddadi, H. (2019) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2019.2904897 · Cited by 1,913
Metadata
- Authors
- Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., & Ayyash, M.
- Affiliations
- Qatar University (QA)
- Western Michigan University (US)
- Chicago State University (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 2347-2376
- ISSN
- 1553-877X (ISSN-L)
- 2373-745X
- OpenAlex
- W2134295053
- Cited by
- 8,630
- References
- 165
- Citations by year
- 2026: 599 · 2025: 718 · 2024: 703 · 2023: 807 · 2022: 805 · 2021: 995 · 2020: 1145 · 2019: 1055 · 2018: 945 · 2017: 607 · 2016: 238 · 2015: 13
- FWCI
- 687.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials (publishedVersion)
- Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › IoT Networks and Protocols
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Keywords
- Internet of Things, IoT protocols, RFID, smart sensors, machine-to-machine communication, enabling technologies, IoT applications, big data analytics, cloud computing, fog computing, intelligent decision-making
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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