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Cited by 579Advanced Wireless Communication TechnologiesAdvanced Antenna and Metasurface TechnologiesMillimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling

A Survey on Channel Estimation and Practical Passive Beamforming Design for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided Wireless Communications

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Zheng, Beixiong, You, Changsheng, Mei, Weidong, Zhang, Rui·2022·IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
DOI 10.1109/comst.2022.3155305
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Abstract

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has emerged as a key enabling technology to realize smart and reconfigurable radio environment for wireless communications, by digitally controlling the signal reflection via a large number of passive reflecting elements in real time. Different from conventional wireless communication techniques that only adapt to but have no or limited control over dynamic wireless channels, IRS provides a new and cost-effective means to combat the wireless channel impairments in a proactive manner. However, despite its great potential, IRS faces new and unique challenges in its efficient integration into wireless communication systems, especially its channel estimation and passive beamforming design under various practical hardware constraints. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on the up-to-date research in IRS-aided wireless communications, with an emphasis on the promising solutions to tackle practical design issues. Furthermore, we discuss new and emerging IRS architectures and applications as well as their practical design problems to motivate future research.

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  • Flexible intelligent metasurfaces have been created by depositing an array of dielectric inclusions onto a soft, conformal substrate such as polydimethylsiloxane.

    “In addition, fl exible intelligent metasurfaces (FIM) have been created by depositing an array of dielectric inclusions onto a soft, conformal substrate such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [17], [18].”

    From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [17]

    The IRS channel-estimation passage discusses reflective and transmitting metasurfaces, but not flexible fabrication or substrate materials. Searches for polydimethylsiloxane, dielectric inclusions, and flexible substrates found no passage in our copy describing the claimed construction. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Zheng, B., You, C., Mei, W., & Zhang, R.
Affiliations
National University of Singapore (SG)
ORCID
Venue
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published
2022
Volume
24
Issue
2
Pages
1035-1071
ISSN
  • 1553-877X (ISSN-L)
  • 2373-745X
DOI
10.1109/comst.2022.3155305
OpenAlex
W3204184545
Cited by
579
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 82 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 146 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 2
FWCI
33.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • Ministry of Education, Singapore (T2EP50120-0024)
  • Advanced Research and Technology Innovation Centre (ARTIC) of National University of Singapore (R-261-518-005-720)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
Keywords
reconfigurable intelligent surface, channel estimation, passive beamforming, hardware constraints, wireless channel impairments

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