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Loneliness makes the heart grow fonder (of robots) — On the effects of loneliness on psychological anthropomorphism
Abstract
Sociality motivation represents an essential driving force for human behavior and well-being. If the need for affiliation is not satisfied and social interaction partners are unavailable, people might use an alternative strategy: Nonhuman entities, such as pets or religious deities are humanized and turned into social agents. We tested this notion in the context of social robotics and investigated whether activating feelings of loneliness would affect perceptions of anthropomorphism. Results showed that lonely people anthropomorphized the robot FloBi more than participants in the control group. Thus, importantly, users' motivational states need to be considered in the context of human-robot interaction (HRI) as they clearly affect judgments of the robotic interaction partner.
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“Because loneliness can increase the tendency to anthropomorphize147, it may be an important link between observed associations between loneliness and LLM-CB use (e.g., see Fig. 2).”
From A scoping review on the mental health harms of LLM-based chatbots (2026) · cites this paper as [147]
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Influences on the Intention to Buy a Sex Robot
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“2.3 (see references [28 – 30]), the perception of anthropo-morphism is also related to the user ’ s state.”
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Soziale Robotik und Roboterpsychologie
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Domestic Robots for Individuals Living With Loneliness
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Self-citationEmbodied AI as Companion: How Loneliness, Gender, and Culture Shape Attitudes towards AI and Robots
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Examining the effect of mortality salience on preference for anthropomorphic products
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“…example, research shows that loneliness positively correlates with anthropomorphism and that inducing a sense of loneliness increases the tendency to anthropomorphize nonhuman entities such as deities, animals, and technological gadgets (Epley et al., 2008; Eyssel & Reich, 2013; Shin & Kim, 2020).”
Development and Validation of Moral Concern for Robot Scale (MCRS)
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“Numerous studies have highlighted that our inclination to anthropomorphize is in fl uenced by multiple factors, including our gender, age, personality, socio-cultural background, and social situation, particularly loneliness (Eyssel & Reich, 2013).”
Career Metaphors and Significant Childhood Experiences in Social Entrepreneurs’ Career Choice
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“Loneliness is a subjective, unpleasant emotional response to perceived isolation (Arslan, 2021) and a psychological mechanism that motivates individuals to seek a sense of belonging (Eyssel & Reich, 2013).”
Thinking Socially About the Nonsocial World
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Self-citationWhat Is Human–Robot Interaction?
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Self-citationEinstellungen gegenüber sozialen Robotern
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Self-citationExploring how harming and helping behaviors drive prediction and explanation during anthropomorphism
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“The final motive of belonging argues that a perceiver will see human beings in agents that are not human in a bid to form social connections when the perceiver is socially isolated (Eyssel & Reich, 2013).”
BackgroundBartneck, C., Belpaeme, T., Eyssel, F., Kanda, T., Keijsers, M., & Šabanović, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108676649.011 · Cited by 1
Self-citationBartneck, C., Belpaeme, T., Eyssel, F., Kanda, T., Keijsers, M., & Šabanović, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108676649.010 · Cited by 1
Self-citationBartneck, C., Belpaeme, T., Eyssel, F., Kanda, T., Keijsers, M., & Šabanović, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108676649.009 · Cited by 1
Self-citationIsolated Circuits: Human Experience and Robot Design for the Future of Loneliness
Dwyer, L. J. (2024) · doi:10.32920/26883778.v1 · Cited by 1
Bartneck, C., Belpaeme, T., Eyssel, F., Kanda, T., Keijsers, M., & Šabanović, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108676649.003
Self-citationPark, N., Kim, Y., Jang, E., Lee, J., & Choi, E.-J. (2021) · Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies · doi:10.20879/kjjcs.2021.65.5.010
Bartneck, C., Belpaeme, T., Eyssel, F., Kanda, T., Keijsers, M., & Šabanović, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108676649.004
Self-citationBartneck, C., Belpaeme, T., Eyssel, F., Kanda, T., Keijsers, M., & Šabanović, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108676649.007
Self-citationBartneck, C., Belpaeme, T., Eyssel, F., Kanda, T., Keijsers, M., & Šabanović, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108676649.012
Self-citationBartneck, C., Belpaeme, T., Eyssel, F., Kanda, T., Keijsers, M., & Šabanović, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108676649.005
Self-citationBartneck, C., Belpaeme, T., Eyssel, F., Kanda, T., Keijsers, M., & Šabanović, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108676649.008
Self-citationBartneck, C., Belpaeme, T., Eyssel, F., Kanda, T., Keijsers, M., & Šabanović, S. (2020) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1017/9781108676649.014
Self-citationBartneck, C., Belpaeme, T., Eyssel, F., Kanda, T., Keijsers, M., & Šabanović, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108676649.013
Self-citationLoneliness During COVID-19 Influences Mind and Likeability Ratings in the Uncanny Valley
Abubshait, A., Xie, Y., Lin, J.-K., Toma, M., & Wiese, E. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24670-8_23
Reich-Stiebert, N. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-40079-8_8
Tanrıkulu, E., & Dörtyol, İ. T. (2023) · Qualitative Research Journal · doi:10.1108/qrj-05-2023-0070
Isolated Circuits: Human Experience and Robot Design for the Future of Loneliness
Dwyer, L. J. (2024) · doi:10.32920/26883778 · Cited by 1
An Introduction to the Law, Policy, and Regulation for Human–Robot Interaction
Barfield, W., Weng, Y.-H., & Pagallo, U. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009386708.003
Sound’s Influences on Perceptions of Anthropomorphism and Animacy in Interfaces
Collins, K., Murad, M., & Manji, A. (2025) · Audio Mostly Conference (AM) · doi:10.1145/3771594.3771598
“Combined with interactive behaviors, such as responsiveness to user input, these cues have been shown to significantly improve task performance [16].”
Ayaz, F. O., & Yasin, G. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4267-2.ch014
Who am I talking to?: Memory of Chatbots and Personalized Chat Interaction
Ergül, E., EYREK, A., & GÜREGEN, E. P. (2025) · Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.31123/akil.1709303 · Cited by 1
Minter, E., Tankard, R., Norman, O., & Grant, J. B. (2026) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3776734.3794379
Metadata
- Authors
- Eyssel, F., & Reich, N.
- Affiliations
- Bielefeld University (DE)
- ORCID
- Eyssel, Friederike
- Venue
- 2013 8th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2013-03
- Pages
- 121-122
- OpenAlex
- W4250223980
- Semantic Scholar
- d0bf826cd2d0cfe729913bd465843343b0f83ebb
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 6.72
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › AI in Service Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Keywords
- loneliness, anthropomorphism, social robots, human-robot interaction, need for affiliation, robot perception, motivational states
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