The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mathspeak: An Audio Method for Presenting Mathematical Formulae to Blind Students
Open accessAbstract
This paper describes the problems involved with learning and understanding math for vision impaired students and developing a computer system approach for rendering mathematical formulae into audio form. Access to mathematics is an obstacle for blind students. The lack of easy access to mathematical resources is a barrier to higher education for many blind students and puts them at an unfair disadvantage in school, academia, and industry [1]. Results from the National Assessment of Educational Progress show that there is great disparity between the math skills of students with disabilities and students without disabilities [2]. A methodology for rendering technical documents, in particular, complex mathematical formula, in an audio descriptive form (Mathspeak) is presented in this paper.
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“Remediating PDFs based on their visual rendering raises ambiguities that have frustrated researchers for more than a decade.”
From iTagPDF: Towards Finally Automating PDF Accessibility (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
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“For example, making math accessible often begins with conversion of the visual formula to an unambiguous format such as TEX or MathML [24].”
From iTagPDF: Towards Finally Automating PDF Accessibility (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
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Cites
Audio system for technical readings
Raman, T. V. (1998) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/bfb0054978 · Cited by 121
Audio System for Technical Readings
Raman, T. V. (1998) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/bfb0054977 · Cited by 37
Reading and writing mathematics
Karshmer, A. I., Gupta, G., Geiiger, S., & Weaver, C. (1998) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/274497.274524 · Cited by 23
Karshmer, A. I., Gupta, G., Miesenberger, K., Pontelli, E., & Guo, H. (2001) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · Cited by 11
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- 2007, Mathematics Now Added to the DAISY Standard
- gardner, 2001, Introduction to DotsPlus Braille
- noble, 2008, Universal Design for Math Learning Bridging the Technology and Policy Divide
- jayant, 2006, A Survey of Math Accessibility for Blind Persons and An Investigation on Text/Math Separation
- 2010, How Can Publishers Create Accessible Math Textbooks?
- dixon, 2007, Eight-dot Braille
- 2004, Dotless Braille for Nemeth
- nemeth, 1996, Teaching Mathematics As a Blind Person Speech Given to the Mathematical Association of America Orlando Florida
- larsson, 2008, Braille Representation and Mathematics Notation Comparison Different Electronic Formats for Mathematics and Their Implications for Braille Production
- sahyun, 0, Audio and Haptic Access to Math and Science - Audio Graphs, Triangle, MathPlus Toolbox and Tiger Printer, 15th IFIP World Congress Vienna 1998 2004, 6
- gardner, 2003, DotsPlus Braille Tutorial: Simplifying communication between sighted and blind people, CSUN 2003
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Maćkowski, M., Kawulok, M., Brzoza, P., & Spińczyk, D. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13127240 · Cited by 17
Creating Accessible Interactive Audio-Tactile Drawings using Spatial Augmented Reality
Thévin, L., Jouffrais, C., Rodier, N., Palard, N., Hachet, M., & Brock, A. (2019) · ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces (ISS) · doi:10.1145/3343055.3359711 · Cited by 17
Rule based intelligent system verbalizing mathematical notation
Bier, A., & Sroczyński, Z. (2019) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-019-07889-3 · Cited by 17
Omoush, M. H. A., & Mehigan, T. J. (2023) · International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (ICHORA) · doi:10.1109/hora58378.2023.10156748 · Cited by 16
Mikułowski, D., & Brzostek-Pawłowska, J. (2014) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon.2014.6826223 · Cited by 13
A concept of mobile technology for remotely supporting mathematical education of the blind
Brzostek-Pawłowska, J., & Mikułowski, D. (2014) · International Conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation · doi:10.1109/rev.2014.6784221 · Cited by 9
MyA+ Math: Teaching Math to Students with Vision Impairment
Jariwala, A., Marghitu, D., & Chapman, R. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49108-6_15 · Cited by 7
Mathematical Information Retrieval (MIR) from Scanned PDF Documents and MathML Conversion
Nazemi, A., Murray, I. D., & McMeekin, D. A. (2014) · IPSJ Transactions on Computer Vision and Applications · doi:10.2197/ipsjtcva.6.132 · Cited by 7
Self-citationMathematical Formula Recognition and Transformation to a Linear Format Suitable for Vocalization
Nazemi, A., & Murray, I. D. (2013) · eSpace (Curtin University) · Cited by 4
Self-citationChauhan, R., Murray, I. D., & Koul, R. B. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering · doi:10.1109/tale48000.2019.9225961 · Cited by 4
Self-citationMikułowski, D., Terlikowski, G., & Brzostek-Pawłowska, J. (2016) · RepoS (Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach) · Cited by 4
Souza, A., & Freitas, D. (2022) · Anais do ... Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação/Anais do Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação · doi:10.5753/sbie.2022.225721 · Cited by 3
IMMELMAN, M. F. (2025) · International Journal of Research in Undergraduate Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s40753-025-00271-9 · Cited by 2
Accessible and Navigable Representation of Mathematical Function Graphs to the Vision-Impaired
Nazemi, A., Fernando, C., Murray, I. D., & McMeekin, D. A. (2015) · Computer and Information Science · doi:10.5539/cis.v9n1p31 · Cited by 2
Self-citationMachine Translation of LATEX Based Mathematical Equations to Spoken Mathematics
Thinn, M. M., Thu, Y. K., Nwe, H. M., Yee, N. N., Myint, T., Thant, H. A., & Supnithi, T. (2020) · International Computer Science and Engineering Conference · doi:10.1109/icsec51790.2020.9375339 · Cited by 2
The Impact of Braille Systems on Advanced Mathematical Geometry
Omone, O. M., Timca, Z., & Kozlovszky, M. (2021) · IEEE World Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI) · doi:10.1109/sami50585.2021.9378682 · Cited by 2
Holt, M., Gillen, D. P., Cook, C., Miller, C. H., Nandlall, S. D., Setter, K., Supalo, C. A., Thorman, P., & Kane, S. A. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1710.08977 · Cited by 2
iTagPDF: Towards Finally Automating PDF Accessibility
Mowar, P., Steinfeld, A., & Bigham, J. P. (2026) · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790289 · Cited by 2
Zambrano, A., Salvador, M. N., Grijalva, F., Mora, H. C., & Garzón, N. O. (2024) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies12080133 · Cited by 1
Brzostek-Pawłowska, J. (2013) · Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania · Cited by 1
An open source reading system for print disabilities
Nazemi, A., & Murray, I. D. (2013) · eSpace (Curtin University)
Self-citationTEXT-TO-SPEECH CONVERSION FOR MATHEMATICAL DATA
Kulkarni, S., & Mukhopadhyay, D. (2014) · doi:10.13140/2.1.4962.1122
ARM based Educational Kit for Blind Student
Gangdhar, M. S. (2019) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2019.3034
Quiñonez, L. D. C. L. (2016) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2016.964834
A Dynamic Model for Pauses in the Synthesized Speech of Mathematical Expressions in MathML
Souza, A., & Freitas, D. (2022) · International Conference on Education Technology and Computer · doi:10.1145/3572549.3572581
OCR and NLP-Powered Text-To-Speech System for Mathematical Documents
Antad, S. M., Desai, V., Deshmukh, S., Deshpande, D., & Deshpande, M. (2025) · IEEE Pune Section International Conference (PuneCon) · doi:10.1109/punecon67554.2025.11378818
Metadata
- Authors
- Nazemi, A., Murray, I., & Mohammadi, N.
- Affiliations
- Curtin University (AU)
- Venue
- 2012 5th International Conference on Human System Interactions
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2012-06
- Pages
- 48-52
- OpenAlex
- W2119082282
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 4.36
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Conference on Human System Interactions (publishedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Digital Accessibility for Disabilities
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- mathematical formulas, audio description, blind students, visual impairment, text-to-speech, accessible computing, higher education access
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