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Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation by Contrasting Object Mask Proposals
Abstract
Being able to learn dense semantic representations of images without supervision is an important problem in computer vision. However, despite its significance, this problem remains rather unexplored, with a few exceptions that considered unsupervised semantic segmentation on small-scale datasets with a narrow visual domain. In this paper, we make a first attempt to tackle the problem on datasets that have been traditionally utilized for the supervised case. To achieve this, we introduce a two-step framework that adopts a predetermined mid-level prior in a contrastive optimization objective to learn pixel embeddings. This marks a large deviation from existing works that relied on proxy tasks or end-to-end clustering. Additionally, we argue about the importance of having a prior that contains information about objects, or their parts, and discuss several possibilities to obtain such a prior in an unsupervised manner.Experimental evaluation shows that our method comes with key advantages over existing works. First, the learned pixel embeddings can be directly clustered in semantic groups using K-Means on PASCAL. Under the fully unsupervised setting, there is no precedent in solving the semantic segmentation task on such a challenging benchmark. Second, our representations can improve over strong baselines when transferred to new datasets, e.g. COCO and DAVIS. The code is available1.
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“2) Due to the lack of clear problem definition and standardized evaluation, some methods utilize supervised prior knowledge, e.g., supervised pre-trained network weights [46], supervised edge detection [30], and supervised saliency detection [31], [47], [48], making it difficult to evaluate these methods.”
From Large-Scale Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation (2023) · cites this paper as [31]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Van Gansbeke, W., Vandenhende, S., Georgoulis, S., & Van Gool, L.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven/ESAT-PSI
- KU Leuven (BE)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- 2021 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2021-10
- Pages
- 10032-10042
- OpenAlex
- W3129110783
- Cited by
- 231
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 14
- FWCI
- 15.04
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- KU Leuven
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
- Keywords
- unsupervised semantic segmentation, contrastive learning, pixel embedding, semantic clustering, domain transfer, COCO, Davis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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