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A digital watermark
Abstract
The paper discusses the feasibility of coding an "undetectable" digital water mark on a standard 512/spl times/512 intensity image with an 8 bit gray scale. The watermark is capable of carrying such information as authentication or authorisation codes, or a legend essential for image interpretation. This capability is envisaged to find application in image tagging, copyright enforcement, counterfeit protection, and controlled access. Two methods of implementation are discussed. The first is based on bit plane manipulation of the LSB, which offers easy and rapid decoding. The second method utilises linear addition of the water mark to the image data, and is more difficult to decode, offering inherent security. This linearity property also allows some image processing, such as averaging, to take place on the image, without corrupting the water mark beyond recovery. Either method is potentially compatible with JPEG and MPEG processing.>
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Citations
Cited by
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
Cox, I. J., Kilian, J., Leighton, F. T., & Shamoon, T. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/83.650120 · Cited by 5,299
Attacks on Copyright Marking Systems
Petitcolas, F. A. P., Anderson, R. J., & Kuhn, M. G. (1998) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/3-540-49380-8_16 · Cited by 835
Adversarial frontier stitching for remote neural network watermarking
Le Merrer, E., Pérez, P., & Trédan, G. (2020) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-019-04434-z · Cited by 341
A Review on Implementation of Digital Image Watermarking Techniques Using LSB and DWT
Kumar, A. (2020) · Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-7166-0_59 · Cited by 49
Metadata
- Authors
- van Schyndel, R. G., Tirkel, A. Z., & Osborne, C. F.
- Venue
- Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Image Processing
- Publisher
- IEEE Comput. Soc. Press
- Published
- 2002-12-17
- Volume
- 2
- Pages
- 86-90
- ISSN
- 1522-4880 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2158518777
- Cited by
- 1,139
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 41.42
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A digital watermark. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/icip.1994.413536
- The paper
- van Schyndel, R. G., Tirkel, A. Z., & Osborne, C. F. (2002). A digital watermark. Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Image Processing. https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.1994.413536
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
