Recent advances in charge balancing for functional electrical stimulation
Abstract
Charge balancing is a major concern in functional electrical stimulation, since any excess charge accumulation over time leads to electrolysis with electrode dissolution and tissue destruction. Its major function is to ensure that the mean value of electrode voltage is kept within a safe level. However, it serves as a failure protection as well. This paper presents an overview on recent advances in this field, both passive and active (closed-loop) charge balancing techniques.
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A series blocking capacitor can prevent the flow of dc currents, determine the maximum charge per phase, and provide an equal charge by discharging in a reverse pulse.
“A series blocking capacitor can prevent the flow of dc currents, determine the maximum charge per phase, and provide an equal charge by discharging in a reverse pulse. The large capacitance required is unsuitable for miniaturisation and may introduce additional offsets due to secondary effects [143].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [143]
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References 16 · Cited by 20
- Authors
- Sooksood, K., Stieglitz, T., & Ortmanns, M.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Venue
- 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 2009
- Pages
- 5518-5521
- ISSN
- 2375-7477 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2121773578
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.37
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- charge balancing, functional electrical stimulation, electrolysis, electrode dissolution, electrode voltage, feedback control, failure protection, tissue damage
- MeSH terms
- Electronics, Medical, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Equipment Design, Sensitivity and Specificity, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Reproducibility of Results, Equipment Failure Analysis, Static Electricity
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