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Cited by 442Microgrid Control and OptimizationWind Turbine Control SystemsFrequency Control in Power Systems

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Frequency Stability of Synchronous Machines and Grid-Forming Power Converters

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Tayyebi, Ali, Gross, Dominic, Anta, Adolfo, Kupzog, Friederich, Dorfler, Florian·2020·IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics
DOI 10.1109/jestpe.2020.2966524
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Abstract

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition toward nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines (SMs), their inertia, and accompanying frequency- and voltage-control mechanisms. This gradual transformation of the power system to a low-inertia system leads to critical challenges in maintaining system stability. Novel control techniques for converters, so-called grid-forming strategies, are expected to address these challenges and replicate functionalities that, so far, have been provided by SMs. This article presents a low-inertia case study that includes SMs and converters controlled under various grid-forming techniques. In this article, the positive impact of the grid-forming converters (GFCs) on the frequency stability of SMs is highlighted, a qualitative analysis that provides insights into the frequency stability of the system is presented, we explore the behavior of the grid-forming controls when imposing the converter dc and ac current limitations, the importance of the dc dynamics in grid-forming control design as well as the critical need for an effective ac current limitation scheme are reported, and finally, we analyze how and when the interaction between the fast GFC and the slow SM dynamics can contribute to the system instability.

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References 44 · Cited by 442

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Metadata

Authors
Tayyebi, A., Gross, D., Anta, A., Kupzog, F., & Dorfler, F.
Affiliations
  • AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH (AT)
  • University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
ORCID
Venue
IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published
2020-06
Volume
8
Issue
2
Pages
1004-1018
ISSN
  • 2168-6777 (ISSN-L)
  • 2168-6785
DOI
10.1109/jestpe.2020.2966524
OpenAlex
W2999625554
Cited by
442
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 69 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 14
FWCI
25.97
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • ETH Zürich Funds
  • European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (691800)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Microgrid Control and Optimization
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wind Turbine Control Systems
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Frequency Control in Power Systems
Keywords
frequency stability, synchronous machines, grid-forming inverters, low-inertia power systems, renewable energy integration, system instability

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Frequency Stability of Synchronous Machines and Grid-Forming Power Converters. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/jestpe.2020.2966524
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Tayyebi, A., Gross, D., Anta, A., Kupzog, F., & Dorfler, F. (2020). Frequency Stability of Synchronous Machines and Grid-Forming Power Converters. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1109/jestpe.2020.2966524