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A Survey on Federated Learning: The Journey From Centralized to Distributed On-Site Learning and Beyond
Abstract
Driven by privacy concerns and the visions of deep learning, the last four years have witnessed a paradigm shift in the applicability mechanism of machine learning (ML). An emerging model, called federated learning (FL), is rising above both centralized systems and on-site analysis, to be a new fashioned design for ML implementation. It is a privacy-preserving decentralized approach, which keeps raw data on devices and involves local ML training while eliminating data communication overhead. A federation of the learned and shared models is then performed on a central server to aggregate and share the built knowledge among participants. This article starts by examining and comparing different ML-based deployment architectures, followed by in-depth and in-breadth investigation on FL. Compared to the existing reviews in the field, we provide in this survey a new classification of FL topics and research fields based on thorough analysis of the main technical challenges and current related work. In this context, we elaborate comprehensive taxonomies covering various challenging aspects, contributions, and trends in the literature, including core system models and designs, application areas, privacy and security, and resource management. Furthermore, we discuss important challenges and open research directions toward more robust FL systems.
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Yang, J., Zhang, W., Guo, Z., & Gao, Z. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13010086 · Cited by 15
Deep learning-based privacy-preserving recommendations in federated learning
Kolli, C. S., Reddy, V. V. K., Reddy, T. S., Chandol, M. K., Dasari, D. B., & Reddy, M. R. K. (2024) · International Journal of General Systems · doi:10.1080/03081079.2024.2302605 · Cited by 11
Advancing Accuracy in Energy Forecasting using Mixture-of-Experts and Federated Learning
Sievers, J., Blank, T., & Simon, F. (2024) · ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems (e-Energy) · doi:10.1145/3632775.3661945 · Cited by 13
Byzantine-Robust and Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning With Irregular Participants
Chen, Y., Tan, W., Zhong, Y., Kang, Y., Yang, A., & Weng, J. (2024) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3434660 · Cited by 11
Fairness-driven federated learning-based spam email detection using clustering techniques
Kaushal, V., & Sharma, S. (2025) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-024-10969-7 · Cited by 11
Abdel‐Basset, M., Hawash, H., & Moustafa, N. (2021) · IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine · doi:10.1109/mce.2021.3117232 · Cited by 11
Data-Driven Federated Autonomous Driving
Hammoud, A., Mourad, A., Otrok, H., & Dziong, Z. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14391-5_6 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Abdulrahman, S., Tout, H., Ould-Slimane, H., Mourad, A., Talhi, C., & Guizani, M.
- Affiliations
- École de Technologie Supérieure (CA)
- Lebanese American University (LB)
- Qatar University (QA)
- Venue
- IEEE Internet of Things Journal
- Published
- 2021-04-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 5476-5497
- ISSN
- 2327-4662 (ISSN-L)
- 2372-2541
- OpenAlex
- W3135231128
- Semantic Scholar
- 53ec46e17af3009033a7b62d3f4b77371bb406fd
- Cited by
- 796
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 85 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 189 · 2023: 192 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 49
- FWCI
- 33.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Internet of Things Journal (publishedVersion)
- Espace ÉTS (ETS) (submittedVersion)
- Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- MITACS
- Ericsson Canada
- ETS Montreal
- Lebanese American University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques
- Keywords
- federated learning, privacy-preserving machine learning, decentralized learning, on-device learning, model aggregation, data privacy, resource management, federated learning security, federated learning architecture, Internet of Things
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