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Cited by 263Millimeter-Wave Propagation and ModelingAdvanced Wireless Communication TechnologiesAdvanced Wireless Communication Techniques

Spatially-Stationary Model for Holographic MIMO Small-Scale Fading

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Pizzo, Andrea, Marzetta, Thomas L., Sanguinetti, Luca·2020·IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
DOI 10.1109/jsac.2020.3000877
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Abstract

Imagine an array with a massive (possibly uncountably infinite) number of antennas in a compact space. We refer to a system of this sort as Holographic MIMO. Given the impressive properties of Massive MIMO, one might expect a holographic array to realize extreme spatial resolution, incredible energy efficiency, and unprecedented spectral efficiency. At present, however, its fundamental limits have not been conclusively established. A major challenge for the analysis and understanding of such a paradigm shift is the lack of mathematically tractable and numerically reproducible channel models that retain some semblance to the physical reality. Detailed physical models are, in general, too complex for tractable analysis. This paper aims to take a closer look at this interdisciplinary challenge. Particularly, we consider the small-scale fading in the far-field, and we model it as a zero-mean, spatially-stationary, and correlated Gaussian scalar random field. A physically-meaningful correlation is obtained by requiring that the random field be consistent with the scalar Helmholtz equation. This formulation leads directly to a rather simple and exact description of the three-dimensional small-scale fading as a Fourier plane-wave spectral representation. Suitably discretized, this yields a discrete representation for the field as a Fourier plane-wave series expansion, from which a computationally efficient way to generate samples of the small-scale fading over spatially-constrained compact spaces is developed. The connections with the conventional tools of linear systems theory and Fourier transform are thoroughly discussed.

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  • RIS can be integrated with transceivers to make use of the entire surface for both transmission and reception, enabling holographic MIMO communications.

    “In addition, RIS can be integrated with transceivers to make use of the entire surface for both transmission and reception, as shown in Fig. 2(a), enabling holographic MIMO (HMIMO) communications [49], [50].”

    From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [49]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) describes holographic MIMO as a compact array of densely integrated antennas that approaches a continuous electromagnetic aperture, and links the field to large intelligent surfaces. It does not say that a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) can be integrated with transceivers to use the entire surface for both transmission and reception. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Pizzo, A., Marzetta, T. L., & Sanguinetti, L.
Affiliations
  • New York University (US)
  • University of Pisa (IT)
ORCID
Venue
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published
2020-09
Volume
38
Issue
9
Pages
1964-1979
ISSN
  • 0733-8716 (ISSN-L)
  • 1558-0008
DOI
10.1109/jsac.2020.3000877
OpenAlex
W2999978220
Cited by
263
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 10
FWCI
9.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques
Keywords
holographic MIMO, massive MIMO, small-scale fading, Helmholtz equation, channel modeling, far-field propagation, compact antenna arrays

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