Beyond Massive MIMO: The Potential of Data Transmission With Large Intelligent Surfaces
Open accessAbstract
In this paper, we consider the potential of data transmission in a system with a massive number of radiating and sensing elements, thought of as a contiguous surface of electromagnetically active material. We refer to this as a large intelligent surface (LIS), which is a newly proposed concept and conceptually goes beyond contemporary massive MIMO technology. First, we consider capacities of single-antenna autonomous terminals communicating to the LIS where the entire surface is used as a receiving antenna array in a perfect line-of-sight propagation environment. Under the condition that the surface area is sufficiently large, the received signal after a matched-filtering operation can be closely approximated by a sinc-function-like intersymbol interference channel. Second, we analyze a normalized capacity measured per unit surface, for a fixed transmit power per volume unit with different terminal deployments. As terminal density increases, the limit of the normalized capacity [nats/s/Hz/volume-unit] achieved when wavelength λ approaches zero is equal to half of the transmit power per volume unit divided by the noise spatial power spectral density. Third, we show that the number of independent signal dimensions that can be harvested per meter deployed surface is 2/λ for one-dimensional terminal deployment, and π/λ2per square meter for two- and three-dimensional terminal deployments. Finally, we consider implementations of the LIS in the form of a grid of conventional antenna elements, and show that the sampling lattice that minimizes the surface area and simultaneously obtains one independent signal dimension for every spent antenna is the hexagonal lattice.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
RIS can be integrated with transceivers to make use of the entire surface for both transmission and reception, enabling holographic MIMO communications.
“In addition, RIS can be integrated with transceivers to make use of the entire surface for both transmission and reception, as shown in Fig. 2(a), enabling holographic MIMO (HMIMO) communications [49], [50].”
From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [50]
The Abstract (p. 1) describes a contiguous surface of radiating and sensing elements and explicitly says the entire surface is used as a receiving antenna array. The Introduction (p. 2) says the paper studies uplink communication; our copy does not establish use of the entire surface for transmission or identify the system as holographic MIMO. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHu et al. demonstrated that the maximum spatial degrees of freedom is π/λ2 per square meter for two-dimensional terminal deployments in a line-of-sight HMIMO propagation environment.
“To characterize the fundamental performance limits of HMIMO communications, Hu et al. [50] considered a LoS propagation environment and demonstrated that the maximum spatial DoF is π/λ 2 per square meter for 2D terminal deployments.”
From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [50]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Shannon, C. E. (1948) · Bell System Technical Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x · Cited by 49,574 · see citing works
Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables
W., J. W., Abramowitz, M., & Stegun, I. A. (1965) · Mathematics of Computation · doi:10.2307/2004114 · Cited by 19,788 · see citing works
The Internet of Things: A survey
Atzori, L., Iera, A., & Morabito, G. (2010) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.010 · Cited by 15,613 · see citing works
Capacity of Multi‐antenna Gaussian Channels
Telatar, E. (1999) · European Transactions on Telecommunications · doi:10.1002/ett.4460100604 · Cited by 11,392 · see citing works
Goldsmith, A. J. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511841224 · Cited by 10,663 · see citing works
On Limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment when Using Multiple Antennas
Foschini, G. J., & Gans, M. J. (1998) · Wireless Personal Communications · doi:10.1023/a:1008889222784 · Cited by 10,145 · see citing works
The internet of things: a survey
Li, S., Xu, L., & Zhao, S.-S. (2014) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-014-9492-7 · Cited by 9,888 · see citing works
Andrews, J. G., Buzzi, S., Choi, W., Hanly, S. V., Lozano, A., Soong, A. C. K., & Zhang, J. C. (2014) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2014.2328098 · Cited by 8,106 · see citing works
Massive MIMO for next generation wireless systems
Larsson, E. G., Edfors, O., Tufvesson, F., & Marzetta, T. L. (2014) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2014.6736761 · Cited by 6,797 · see citing works
Self-citationNoncooperative Cellular Wireless with Unlimited Numbers of Base Station Antennas
Marzetta, T. L. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2010.092810.091092 · Cited by 6,571 · see citing works
Optimal decoding of linear codes for minimizing symbol error rate (Corresp.)
Bahl, L. R., Cocke, J., Jelinek, F., & Raviv, J. (1974) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.1974.1055186 · Cited by 5,211 · see citing works
Scaling Up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays
Rusek, F., Persson, D., Lau, B. K., Larsson, E. G., Marzetta, T. L., & Tufvesson, F. (2012) · IEEE Signal Processing Magazine · doi:10.1109/msp.2011.2178495 · Cited by 4,733 · see citing works
Self-citationOptimal decoding of linear codes for minimizing symbol error rate
Bahl, L. R. (1974) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · Cited by 4,665 · see citing works
Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light
Born, M., Wolf, E., & Hecht, E. (2000) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.1325200 · Cited by 4,117 · see citing works
Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and challenges with very large arrays
Rusek, F., Persson, D., Lau, B. K., Larsson, E. G., Marzetta, T. L., Edfors, O., Tufvesson, F., Print, P., Rusek, F., Persson, D., et al. (2013) · Cited by 4,089 · see citing works
Self-citationWriting on dirty paper (Corresp.)
Costa, M. I. T. (1983) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.1983.1056659 · Cited by 3,824 · see citing works
Principles of optics. Electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light
Rosenfeld, L. (1960) · Nuclear Physics · doi:10.1016/0029-5582(60)90353-9 · Cited by 3,382 · see citing works
Forney, G. D. (1972) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.1972.1054829 · Cited by 2,444 · see citing works
Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
Rangan, S., Rappaport, T. S., & Erkip, E. (2014) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2014.2299397 · Cited by 2,420 · see citing works
Terahertz band: Next frontier for wireless communications
Akyildiz, I. F., Jornet, J. M., & Han, C. Z. (2014) · Physical Communication · doi:10.1016/j.phycom.2014.01.006 · Cited by 1,667 · see citing works
1Limited Feedback Hybrid Precoding for Multi-User Millimeter Wave SystemsPreprint
Alkhateeb, A., Leus, G. J. T., & Heath, R. W. (2016) · Cited by 1,128 · see citing works
Limited Feedback Hybrid Precoding for Multi-User Millimeter Wave Systems
Alkhateeb, A., Leus, G., & Heath, R. W. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2015.2455980 · Cited by 1,098 · see citing works
Brady, J. H., Behdad, N., & Sayeed, A. M. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2013.2254442 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Mazo, J. E. (1975) · Bell System Technical Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1975.tb02043.x · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing, Volume II: Detection Theory
Kay, S. (1998) · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Sampling and reconstruction of wave-number-limited functions in N-dimensional euclidean spaces
Petersen, D. P., & Middleton, D. (1962) · Information and Control · doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(62)90633-2 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Effect of fading correlation on adaptive arrays in digital mobile radio
Salz, J., & Winters, J. H. (1994) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/25.330168 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Massive MIMO Performance Evaluation Based on Measured Propagation Data
Gao, X., Edfors, O., Rusek, F., & Tufvesson, F. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2015.2414413 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Self-citationAnderson, J. B., Rusek, F., & Öwall, V. (2013) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2012.2233451 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Self-citationDegrees of Freedom in Multiple-Antenna Channels: A Signal Space Approach
Poon, A. S. Y., Brodersen, R. W., & Tse, D. N. C. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.2004.840892 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
The processing of hexagonally sampled two-dimensional signals
Mersereau, R. M. (1979) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/proc.1979.11356 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Millimeter Wave MIMO With Lens Antenna Array: A New Path Division Multiplexing Paradigm
Zeng, Y., & Zhang, R. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2016.2533490 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Capacity and mutual information of wideband multipath fading channels
Telatar, I. E., & Tse, D. N. C. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/18.850678 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Indoor Millimeter Wave MIMO: Feasibility and Performance
Torkildson, E. G., Madhow, U., & Rodwell, M. J. W. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2011.092911.101843 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
On the capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels
Chiurtu, N., Rimoldi, B., & Telatar, E. (2002) · IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT) · doi:10.1109/isit.2001.935916 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Zeng, Y., Zhang, R., & Chen, Z. N. (2014) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2014.2328151 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Continuous aperture phased MIMO: Basic theory and applications
Sayeed, A. M., & Behdad, N. (2010) · Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing · doi:10.1109/allerton.2010.5707050 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Optimal Channel Shortening for MIMO and ISI Channels
Rusek, F., & Prlja, A. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2011.121911.110809 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationIterative detection of MIMO signals with linear detectors
Witzke, M., Bäro, S., Schreckenbach, F., & Hagenauer, J. (2003) · Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ACSSC) · doi:10.1109/acssc.2002.1197193 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
On MAP symbol detection for ISI channels using the ungerboeck observation model
Colavolpe, G., & Barbieri, A. (2005) · IEEE Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lcomm.2005.1496594 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The Potential of Using Large Antenna Arrays on Intelligent Surfaces
Hu, S., Rusek, F., & Edfors, O. (2017) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108330 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationWebb, W. R. (2009) · International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking · doi:10.4018/jitn.2009010102 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Spatial Degrees of Freedom of Large Distributed MIMO Systems and Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Özgür, A., Leveque, O., & Tse, D. N. C. (2013) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2013.130209 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Sampling multipliers and the Poisson Summation Formula
Benedetto, J. J., & Zimmermann, G. (1997) · Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1007/bf02648881 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Fast Hankel transform algorithm
Hansen, E. W. (1985) · IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tassp.1985.1164579 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Capacity and information rates of discrete-time channels with memory
Hirt, W. (1988) · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) · doi:10.3929/ethz-a-000518487 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Dasalukunte, D., Öwall, V., Rusek, F., & Anderson, J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07031-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationKünsch, H. R., Agrell, E., & Hamprecht, F. A. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.2004.840864 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Mathematics of Multidimensional Fourier Transform Algorithms
Tolimieri, R., An, M. H., & Lu, C. (1993) · Signal processing and digital filtering · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0205-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A scalable massive MIMO array architecture based on common modules
Puglielli, A., Narevsky, N., Lu, P., Courtade, T. A., Wright, G., Nikolić, B., & Alon, E. (2015) · IEEE International Conference on Communications workshops · doi:10.1109/iccw.2015.7247359 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mathematics of Multidimensional Fourier Transform Algorithms
Tolimieri, R., An, M. H., & Lu, C. (1997) · Signal processing and digital filtering · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1948-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cramér-Rao Lower Bounds for Positioning with Large Intelligent Surfaces
Hu, S., Rusek, F., & Edfors, O. (2017) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2017.8288263 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationA Soft-Output MIMO Detector With Achievable Information Rate based Partial Marginalization
Hu, S., & Rusek, F. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tsp.2016.2641393 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationA Generalized Zero-Forcing Precoder With Successive Dirty-Paper Coding in MISO Broadcast Channels
Hu, S., & Rusek, F. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2017.2686399 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalog vs. digital: a comparison of circuit implementations for low-power matched filters
Hahm, M. D., Friedman, E. G., & Titlebaum, E. L. (1996) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.1996.541956 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A low-complexity channel shortening receiver with diversity support for evolved 2G devices
Hu, S., Kröll, H., Huang, Q., & Rusek, F. (2016) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2016.7511498 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationInformation rates of two-dimensional finite state ISI channels
Chen, J., & Siegel, P. H. (2003) · IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT) · doi:10.1109/isit.2003.1228132 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Linear Precoder Design for MIMO-ISI Broadcasting Channels Under Channel Shortening Detection
Hu, S., Gao, X., & Rusek, F. (2016) · IEEE Signal Processing Letters · doi:10.1109/lsp.2016.2592968 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationA generalized zero-forcing precoder for multiple antenna Gaussian broadcast channels
Hu, S., & Rusek, F. (2017) · IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT) · doi:10.1109/isit.2017.8006589 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Potential of Using Large Antenna Arrays on Intelligent Surfaces
Hu, S., Rusek, F., & Edfors, O. (2017) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1702.03128
Self-citationCramér-Rao Lower Bounds for Positioning with Large Intelligent Surfaces
Hu, S., Rusek, F., & Edfors, O. (2017) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1702.03131
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [16][16] E Telatar, 'Capacity of multiantenna Gaussian channels,' European Trans. on Telecom. , vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 585-595, Nov. 1999. -
- [35][35] H. R. Knsch, E. Agrell, and F. A. Hamprecht, 'Optimal lattices for sampling,' IEEE Trans. on Inform. Theory , vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 634-647, Feb. 2005. -
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Vision of 6G Wireless Systems: Applications, Trends, Technologies, and Open Research Problems
Saad, W., Bennis, M., & Chen, M. (2020) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/mnet.001.1900287 · Cited by 4,985 · see citing works
Intelligent Reflecting Surface Enhanced Wireless Network via Joint Active and Passive Beamforming
Wu, Q., & Zhang, R. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2019.2936025 · Cited by 4,545 · see citing works
Towards Smart and Reconfigurable Environment: Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided Wireless Network
Wu, Q., & Zhang, R. (2019) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.001.1900107 · Cited by 4,296 · see citing works
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Communication
Huang, C., Zappone, A., Alexandropoulos, G. C., Debbah, M. A., & Yuen, C. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2019.2922609 · Cited by 3,774 · see citing works
Wireless Communications Through Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
Basar, E., Di Renzo, M., De Rosny, J., Debbah, M., Alouini, M.-S., & Zhang, R. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2935192 · Cited by 3,394 · see citing works
Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Aided Wireless Communications: A Tutorial
Wu, Q., Zhang, S., Zheng, B., You, C., & Zhang, R. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2021.3051897 · Cited by 3,023 · see citing works
Smart radio environments empowered by reconfigurable AI meta-surfaces: an idea whose time has come
Renzo, M. D., Debbah, M., Phan-Huy, D.-T., Zappone, A., Alouini, M.-S., Yuen, C., Sciancalepore, V., Alexandropoulos, G. C., Hoydis, J., Gacanin, H., et al. (2019) · EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking · doi:10.1186/s13638-019-1438-9 · Cited by 1,717 · see citing works
6G Wireless Systems: Vision, Requirements, Challenges, Insights, and Opportunities
Tataria, H., Shafi, M., Molisch, A. F., Döhler, M., Sjöland, H., & Tufvesson, F. (2021) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2021.3061701 · Cited by 1,615 · see citing works
Tang, W., Chen, M. Z., Chen, X., Dai, J. Y., Han, Y., Renzo, M. D., Zeng, Y., Jin, S., Cheng, Q., & Cui, T. J. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3024887 · Cited by 1,603 · see citing works
Weighted Sum-Rate Maximization for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Aided Wireless Networks
Guo, H., Liang, Y., Chen, J., & Larsson, E. G. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2020.2970061 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
Toward Smart Wireless Communications via Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces: A Contemporary Survey
Gong, S., Lu, X., Hoang, D. T., Niyato, D., Shu, L., Kim, D. I., & Liang, Y.-C. (2020) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2020.3004197 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Secure Wireless Communication via Intelligent Reflecting Surface
Cui, M., Zhang, G., & Zhang, R. (2019) · IEEE Wireless Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lwc.2019.2919685 · Cited by 964 · see citing works
Huang, C., Mo, R., & Yuen, C. (2020) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3000835 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
ElMossallamy, M. A., Zhang, H., Song, L., Seddik, K. G., Han, Z., & Li, G. Y. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking · doi:10.1109/tccn.2020.2992604 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Channel Estimation for Extremely Large-Scale MIMO: Far-Field or Near-Field?
Cui, M., & Dai, L. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3146400 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Prospective Multiple Antenna Technologies for Beyond 5G
Zhang, J., Bjornson, E., Matthaiou, M., Ng, D. W. K., Yang, H., & Love, D. J. (2020) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3000826 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Capacity Characterization for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided MIMO Communication
Zhang, S., & Zhang, R. (2020) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3000814 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Massive MIMO is a reality—What is next?
Björnson, E., Sanguinetti, L., Wymeersch, H., Hoydis, J., & Marzetta, T. L. (2019) · Digital Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2019.06.007 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Wu, Q., & Zhang, R. (2018) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/glocom.2018.8647620 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Survey on 6G Frontiers: Trends, Applications, Requirements, Technologies and Future Research
de Alwis, C., Kalla, A., Pham, Q., Kumar, P., Dev, K., Hwang, W., & Liyanage, M. (2021) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3071496 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Enabling Large Intelligent Surfaces With Compressive Sensing and Deep Learning
Taha, A., Alrabeiah, M., & Alkhateeb, A. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3064073 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Cascaded Channel Estimation for Large Intelligent Metasurface Assisted Massive MIMO
He, Z.-Q., & Yuan, X. (2019) · IEEE Wireless Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lwc.2019.2948632 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Aided Wireless Communications
Long, R., Liang, Y.-C., Pei, Y., & Larsson, E. G. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3064024 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
Channel Estimation for RIS-Empowered Multi-User MISO Wireless Communications
Wei, L., Huang, C., Alexandropoulos, G. C., Yuen, C., Zhang, Z., & Debbah, M. A. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2021.3063236 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
Mishra, D., & Johansson, H. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2019.8683663 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
6G Wireless Communications Networks: A Comprehensive Survey
Alsabah, M. Q., Naser, M. A., Mahmmod, B. M., Abdulhussain, S. H., Eissa, M. R., Al-Baidhani, A., Noordin, N. K., Sait, S. M., Al-Utaibi, K. A., & Hashim, F. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3124812 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Secrecy Rate Maximization for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Assisted Multi-Antenna Communications
Shen, H., Xu, W., Gong, S., He, Z., & Zhao, C. (2019) · IEEE Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lcomm.2019.2924214 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Asymptotic Max-Min SINR Analysis of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted MISO Systems
Nadeem, Q.-U.-A., Kammoun, A., Chaaban, A., Debbah, M. A., & Alouini, M. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2020.2986438 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Intelligent Reflecting Surface: A Programmable Wireless Environment for Physical Layer Security
Chen, J., Liang, Y., Pei, Y., & Guo, H. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2924034 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
A Tutorial on Extremely Large-Scale MIMO for 6G: Fundamentals, Signal Processing, and Applications
Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Du, H., Niyato, D. T., Cui, S. R., Ai, B., Debbah, M. A., Letaief, K. B., & Poor, H. V. (2024) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2023.3349276 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Tang, W., Dai, J. Y., Chen, M. Z., Wong, K., Li, X., Zhao, X., Jin, S., Cheng, Q., & Cui, T. J. (2020) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3007055 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
An Overview of Signal Processing Techniques for Terahertz Communications
Sarieddeen, H., Alouini, M., & Al-Naffouri, T. Y. (2021) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2021.3100811 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
A Survey of Rate-Optimal Power Domain NOMA With Enabling Technologies of Future Wireless Networks
Maraqa, O., Rajasekaran, A. S., Al-Ahmadi, S., Yanikomeroglu, H., & Sait, S. M. (2020) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2020.3013514 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Foundations of MIMO Communication
Heath, R. W., & Lozano, A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139049276 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Multi-Hop RIS-Empowered Terahertz Communications: A DRL-Based Hybrid Beamforming Design
Huang, C., Yang, Z., Alexandropoulos, G. C., Xiong, K., Wei, L., Yuen, C., Zhang, Z., & Debbah, M. A. (2021) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2021.3071836 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Power Scaling Laws and Near-Field Behaviors of Massive MIMO and Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces
Björnson, E., & Sanguinetti, L. (2020) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3020925 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Hu, C., Dai, L., Han, S., & Wang, X. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2021.3072729 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Sanguinetti, L., Björnson, E., & Hoydis, J. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2019.2945792 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
A Tutorial on Near-Field XL-MIMO Communications Toward 6G
Lu, H., Zeng, Y., You, C., Han, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, Z., Dong, Z., Jin, S., Wang, C., Jiang, T., et al. (2024) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2024.3387749 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Transmission Through Large Intelligent Surfaces: A New Frontier in Wireless Communications
Başar, E. (2019) · European Conference on Networks and Communications · doi:10.1109/eucnc.2019.8801961 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces for Efficient Holographic MIMO Communications in 6G
An, J., Xu, C., Ng, D. W. K., Alexandropoulos, G. C., Huang, C., Yuen, C., & Hanzo, L. (2023) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3288261 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Sensing, Computing, and Communications for Energy Harvesting IoTs: A Survey
Ma, D., Lan, G., Hassan, M., Hu, W., & Das, S. K. (2019) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2019.2962526 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Tang, W., Chen, M. Z., Dai, J. Y., Zeng, Y., Zhao, X., Jin, S., Cheng, Q., & Cui, T. J. (2020) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.001.1900308 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Artificial-Noise-Aided Secure MIMO Wireless Communications via Intelligent Reflecting Surface
Hong, S., Pan, C., Ren, H., Wang, K., & Nallanathan, A. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2020.3024621 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Intelligent metasurfaces: control, communication and computing
Li, L., Zhao, H., Li, L., Li, L., & Cui, T. J. (2022) · eLight · doi:10.1186/s43593-022-00013-3 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Gong, T., Vinieratou, I., Ji, R., Huang, C., Alexandropoulos, G. C., Wei, L., Zhang, Z., Debbah, M. A., Poor, H. V., Yuen, C., et al. (2023) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2023.3309529 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for Localization: Position and Orientation Error Bounds
Elzanaty, A., Guerra, A., Guidi, F., & Alouini, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tsp.2021.3101644 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Beyond Massive MIMO: The Potential of Positioning With Large Intelligent Surfaces
Hu, S., Rusek, F., & Edfors, O. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tsp.2018.2795547 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Self-citationBoulogeorgos, A. A., & Alexiou, A. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2995435 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Towards 6G Internet of Things: Recent advances, use cases, and open challenges
Qadir, Z., Le, K. N., Saeed, N., & Munawar, H. S. (2022) · ICT Express · doi:10.1016/j.icte.2022.06.006 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Non-Stationarities in Extra-Large-Scale Massive MIMO
de Carvalho, E., Ali, A., Amiri, A., Angjelichinoski, M., & Heath, R. W. (2020) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.001.1900157 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Channel Estimation for RIS-Aided mmWave MIMO Systems via Atomic Norm Minimization
He, J., Wymeersch, H., & Juntti, M. J. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3070064 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
A Tutorial on Environment-Aware Communications via Channel Knowledge Map for 6G
Zeng, Y., Chen, J., Xu, J., Wu, D., Xu, X., Jin, S., Gao, X., Gesbert, D., Cui, S. R., & Zhang, R. (2024) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2024.3364508 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Communicating With Large Intelligent Surfaces: Fundamental Limits and Models
Dardari, D. (2020) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3007036 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Communicating With Extremely Large-Scale Array/Surface: Unified Modeling and Performance Analysis
Lu, H., & Zeng, Y. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3126384 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Sum-Rate Maximization for IRS-Assisted UAV OFDMA Communication Systems
Wei, Z., Cai, Y., Sun, Z., Ng, D. W. K., Yuan, J., Zhou, M., & Sun, L. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3042977 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Imoize, A. L., Adedeji, O., Tandiya, N., & Shetty, S. S. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21051709 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Beamforming Technologies for Ultra-Massive MIMO in Terahertz Communications
Ning, B., Tian, Z., Mei, W., Chen, Z., Han, C. Z., Li, S., Yuan, J., & Zhang, R. (2023) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3245669 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Terahertz Massive MIMO With Holographic Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
Wan, Z., Gao, Z., Gao, F., Renzo, M. D., & Alouini, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2021.3064949 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Yan, W., Yuan, X., He, Z.-Q., & Kuai, X. (2020) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3000811 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Spatially-Stationary Model for Holographic MIMO Small-Scale Fading
Pizzo, A., Marzetta, T. L., & Sanguinetti, L. (2020) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3000877 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
RIS-Assisted Visible Light Communication Systems: A Tutorial
Aboagye, S., Ndjiongue, A. R., Ngatched, T. M. N., Dobre, O. A., & Poor, H. V. (2022) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2022.3225859 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Alexandropoulos, G. C., & Vlachos, E. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp40776.2020.9053976 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Cooperative Double-IRS Aided Communication: Beamforming Design and Power Scaling
Han, Y., Zhang, S., Duan, L., & Zhang, R. (2020) · IEEE Wireless Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lwc.2020.2986290 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Metasurface-assisted massive backscatter wireless communication with commodity Wi-Fi signals
Zhao, H., Shuang, Y., Wei, M., Cui, T. J., del Hougne, P., & Li, L. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17808-y · Cited by 250 · see citing works
An, J., Xu, C., Gan, L., & Hanzo, L. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2021.3127924 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Jung, M., Saad, W., Jang, Y., Kong, G., & Choi, S. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2019.2961990 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Fourier Plane-Wave Series Expansion for Holographic MIMO Communications
Pizzo, A., Sanguinetti, L., & Marzetta, T. L. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3152965 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Extremely Large-Scale MIMO: Fundamentals, Challenges, Solutions, and Future Directions
Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Du, H., Sha, W. E. I., Ai, B., Niyato, D. T., & Debbah, M. A. (2023) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.132.2200443 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Extreme ultra-reliable and low-latency communication
Park, J., Samarakoon, S., Shiri, H., Abdel-Aziz, M. K., Nishio, T., Elgabli, A., & Bennis, M. (2022) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-022-00728-8 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Alghamdi, R., Alhadrami, R., Alhothali, D., Almorad, H., Faisal, A., Helal, S., Shalabi, R., Asfour, R., Hammad, N., Shams, A., et al. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3031959 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Joint Transceiver and Large Intelligent Surface Design for Massive MIMO mmWave Systems
Wang, P., Fang, J., Dai, L., & Li, H. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3030570 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Secure MIMO Transmission via Intelligent Reflecting Surface
Dong, L., & Wang, H. (2020) · IEEE Wireless Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lwc.2020.2969664 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
3D-Trajectory and Phase-Shift Design for RIS-Assisted UAV Systems Using Deep Reinforcement Learning
Mei, H., Yang, K., Liu, Q., & Wang, K. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3143839 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
A Survey of Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRSs): Towards 6G Wireless Communication NetworksPreprint
Zhao, J. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1907.04789 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Overhead-Aware Design of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in Smart Radio Environments
Zappone, A., Renzo, M. D., Shams, F., Qian, X., & Debbah, M. A. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3023578 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Ye, J., Guo, S., & Alouini, M. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2020.2994455 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
6G: A comprehensive survey on technologies, applications, challenges, and research problems
Mahmoud, H., Amer, A. A., & Ismail, T. (2021) · Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies · doi:10.1002/ett.4233 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Intelligent Surfaces Empowered Wireless Network: Recent Advances and the Road to 6G
Wu, Q., Zheng, B., You, C., Zhu, L., Shen, K., Shao, X., Mei, W., Di, B., Zhang, H., Başar, E., et al. (2024) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2024.3397910 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Potential key technologies for 6G mobile communications
Yuan, Y., Zhao, Y., Zong, B., & Parolari, S. (2020) · Science China Information Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11432-019-2789-y · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted NOMA Networks
Yue, X., Xie, J., Liu, Y., Han, Z., Liu, R., & Ding, Z. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3192211 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Electrically addressable integrated intelligent terahertz metasurface
Chen, B., Wang, X., Li, W., Li, C., Wang, Z., Guo, H., Wu, J., Fan, K., Zhang, C., He, Y., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.add1296 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Wireless Communication Based on Information Metasurfaces
Dai, J. Y., Tang, W., Chen, M. Z., Chan, C. H., Cheng, Q., Jin, S., & Cui, T. J. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2021.3054662 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Enhancing Secure MIMO Transmission via Intelligent Reflecting Surface
Dong, L., & Wang, H. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3012721 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Physical-Layer Security in 6G Networks
Mucchi, L., Jayousi, S., Caputo, S., Panayırcı, E., Shahabuddin, S., Bechtold, J., Morales, I., Stoica, R.-A., de Abreu, G. T. F., & Haas, H. (2021) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3103735 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Deep Learning for Large Intelligent Surfaces in Millimeter Wave and Massive MIMO Systems
Taha, A., Alrabeiah, M., & Alkhateeb, A. (2019) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/globecom38437.2019.9013256 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Towards artificial intelligence enabled 6G: State of the art, challenges, and opportunities
Zhang, S., & Zhu, D. (2020) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107556 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Intelligent Surface-Aided Transmitter Architectures for Millimeter-Wave Ultra Massive MIMO Systems
Jamali, V., Tulino, A. M., Fischer, G., Muller, R. R., & Schober, R. (2020) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3048063 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Resource Allocation for Secure IRS-Assisted Multiuser MISO Systems
Xu, D., Yu, X., Sun, Y. P., Ng, D. W. K., & Schober, R. (2019) · IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) · doi:10.1109/gcwkshps45667.2019.9024490 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Jung, M., Saad, W., Debbah, M. A., & Hong, C. S. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3058366 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Over-the-Air Computation via Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces
Jiang, T., & Shi, Y. (2019) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/globecom38437.2019.9013643 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Hybrid Relay-Reflecting Intelligent Surface-Assisted Wireless Communications
Nguyen, N. T., Vu, Q., Lee, K., & Juntti, M. J. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3158686 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Pogaku, A. C., Do, D., Lee, B. M., & Nguyen, N. D. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3149054 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Bruce Lee-Inspired Fluid Antenna System: Six Research Topics and the Potentials for 6G
Wong, K., Tong, K., Shen, Y., Chen, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Communications and Networks · doi:10.3389/frcmn.2022.853416 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Saifullah, Y., He, Y., Boag, A., Yang, G., & Xu, F. (2022) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202203747 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Guo, S., Lv, S., Zhang, H., Ye, J., & Zhang, P. (2020) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3007060 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Near-Field Communications: A Comprehensive Survey
Liu, Y., Ouyang, C., Wang, Z., Xu, J., Mu, X., & Swindlehurst, A. L. (2024) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2024.3475884 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Intelligent Reflecting Surface Enabled Covert Communications in Wireless Networks
Lu, X., Hossain, E., Shafique, T., Feng, S., Jiang, H., & Niyato, D. T. (2020) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/mnet.011.1900579 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Cheng, Q., Zhang, L., Dai, J. Y., Tang, W., Ke, J. C., Liu, S., Liang, J. C., Jin, S., & Cui, T. J. (2022) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2022.3170498 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Multi-User Holographic MIMO Surfaces: Channel Modeling and Spectral Efficiency Analysis
Wei, L., Huang, C., Alexandropoulos, G. C., Sha, W. E. I., Zhang, Z., Debbah, M. A., & Yuen, C. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/jstsp.2022.3176140 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hu, S., Rusek, F., & Edfors, O.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
- Published
- 2018-05-15
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2746-2758
- ISSN
- 1053-587X (ISSN-L)
- 1941-0476
- OpenAlex
- W2735938380
- Cited by
- 892
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 154 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 147 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 29
- FWCI
- 33.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
- Keywords
- large intelligent surfaces, massive MIMO, channel capacity, single-antenna terminals, matched filter, terminal density, hexagonal lattice, antenna arrays, line-of-sight propagation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
