A Complete 256-Electrode Retinal Prosthesis Chip
Abstract
This paper presents a complete 256-electrode retinal prosthesis chip, which is small and ready for packaging and implantation. It contains 256 separate programmable drivers dedicated to 256 electrodes for flexible stimulation. A 4-wire interface is employed for power and data transmission between the chip and a driving unit. Power and forward data are recovered from a 600 kHz differential signal, while backward data are sent at 100 kbps rate simultaneously. The stimulator possesses many stimulation features, supporting various stimulation strategies. Many safety features are included such as real-time monitoring of voltage compliance and temperature, electrode self-locking in the event of out-of-compliance, and ESD protection circuit at every electrode. The chip is fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process. The electrode driver pitch is 150 μm, and total chip area is 8 mm 2 . The chip has been extensively tested and all the requirements have been successfully verified. The measured DC current error for single driver stimulation without electrode shorting is 20 nA. The average power consumption per electrode with typical stimulus pulse parameters and full-scale output current is 129 μW, inclusive of all standby power. The chip overall power efficiency is 70% with 23 mW of power delivered to load.
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Real-time monitoring of the voltage compliance enables operation with the minimum supply necessary for stimulation, which improves the power efficiency of the HV stimulus pulse driver circuit.
“Real-time monitoring of the voltage compliance enables operation with the minimum supply necessary for stimulation, which improves the power efficiency of the HV stimulus pulse driver circuit [44], [129].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
Temperature sensing can be implemented in the analog domain using proportional to absolute temperature circuits and bandgap references, and by all-digital circuits using ring oscillators.
“It can be implemented in the analog domain using proportional to absolute temperature circuits and bandgap references, and by all-digital circuits using ring oscillators [44], [67].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
The static power taken by the biased current mirrors and the area overhead of the localised structure of current DACs can be overcome by current copying methods that copy the voltage of one phase in a storage capacitor, and steer a duplicate of the corresponding stimulation current in another.
“The static power taken by the biased current mirrors and the area overhead of the localised structure of current DACs can be overcome by current copying methods that copy the voltage of one phase in a storage capacitor, and steer a duplicate of the corresponding stimulation current in another [44], [66], as shown in Fig. 5(c).”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
Active charge balancing can be achieved by continuous adjustment of the source/sink currents with dynamic current copying in push-pull architectures, and by insertion of a short pulse train that instantaneously corrects the residual charge, or via compensation of the excess charge as an offset current.
“This can be achieved by continuous adjustment of the source/sink currents with dynamic current copying in pushpull architectures, [44], [66], and by insertion of a short pulse train that instantaneously corrects the residual charge, or via compensation of the excess charge as an offset current [135], [144].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
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References 54 · Cited by 90
- Authors
- Tran, N., Bai, S., Yang, J., Chun, H., Kavehei, O., Yang, Y., Muktamath, V., Ng, D., Meffin, H., Halpern, M., & Skafidas, E.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Venue
- IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
- Published
- 2014-03
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 751-765
- ISSN
- 0018-9200 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-173X
- OpenAlex
- W2073451535
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits (publishedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors
- Keywords
- retinal prosthesis, electrostatic discharge protection, 65 nm CMOS, power efficiency
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