Algorithms: law and regulation
Abstract
The legal status of AI and algorithms continues to be debated. Resume-sifting algorithms exhibit unethical, discriminatory, and illegal behavior; crime-sentencing algorithms are unable to justify their decisions; and autonomous vehicles' predictive analytics software will make life and death decisions.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information
Pasquale, F. (2015) · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674736061 · Cited by 3,796 · see citing works
The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate
Mittelstadt, B. D., Allo, P., Taddeo, M., Wachter, S., & Floridi, L. (2016) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/2053951716679679 · Cited by 3,432 · see citing works
Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy
Doyle, T. (2017) · The Information Society · doi:10.1080/01972243.2017.1354593 · Cited by 3,110 · see citing works
(2016) · Cited by 2,334 · see citing works
Superintelligence: paths, dangers, strategies
(2015) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.187536 · Cited by 1,977 · see citing works
The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information
(2016) · Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/0094306116641409c · Cited by 1,334 · see citing works
Concrete Problems in AI Safety
Amodei, D., Olah, C., Steinhardt, J., Christiano, P., Schulman, J., & Mané, D. (2016) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1606.06565 · Cited by 1,314 · see citing works
Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B., & Floridi, L. (2017) · International Data Privacy Law · doi:10.1093/idpl/ipx005 · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
Kusner, M. J., Loftus, J. R., Russell, C., & Silva, R. (2017) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1703.06856 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence
Russell, S., Dewey, D., & Tegmark, M. (2015) · AI Magazine · doi:10.1609/aimag.v36i4.2577 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Blockchain Technology in Finance
Treleaven, P. C., Brown, R. G., & Yang, D. (2017) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.2017.3571047 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Leike, J., Martic, M., Krakovna, V., Ortega, P. A., Everitt, T., Lefrancq, A., Orseau, L., & Legg, S. (2017) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1711.09883 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
An FDA for AlgorithmsPreprint
Tutt, A. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2747994 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 15 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A high-level overview of AI ethics
Kazim, E., & Koshiyama, A. S. (2021) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2021.100314 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citationAlgorithmic governance: A modes of governance approach
Gritsenko, D., & Wood, M. (2020) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/rego.12367 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Koshiyama, A., Kazim, E., Treleaven, P., Rai, P., Szpruch, L., Pavey, G., Ahamat, G., Leutner, F., Goebel, R., Knight, A., et al. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.230859 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Gerlick, J. A., & Liozu, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management · doi:10.1057/s41272-019-00225-2 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Philosophical foundations for digital ethics and AI Ethics: a dignitarian approach
Hanna, R., & Kazim, E. (2021) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-021-00040-9 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Algorithms in Future Capital Markets
Koshiyama, A., Firoozye, N. B., & Treleaven, P. C. (2020) · ACM International Conference on AI in Finance (ICAIF) · doi:10.1145/3383455.3422539 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
AI auditing and impact assessment: according to the UK information commissioner’s office
Kazim, E., Denny, D. M. T., & Koshiyama, A. (2021) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-021-00039-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Treleaven, P. C., Barnett, J., Knight, A., & Serrano, W. (2021) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-021-00053-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Algorithms in Future Insurance Markets
Śmietanka, M., Koshiyama, A., & Treleaven, P. C. (2020) · International Journal of Data Science and Big Data Analytics · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3641518 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ten Simple Rules for Digital Government Transformation with Blockchain Smart Contracts
Supinyo, C., Settasompop, P., Jandaeng, P., & Phetmanee, S. (2020) · International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering · doi:10.7763/ijcte.2020.v12.1277 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Algorithmic Decision-making and the Law
Brand, D. (2020) · JeDEM - eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government · doi:10.29379/jedem.v12i1.576 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sotero, J. M., Vicente, P. N., & Granado, A. (2026) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2026.103237 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Big Data: Ethics and LawPreprint
Lenz, R. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3459004 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Big Data Regulation: The Main Risks and Ways to Neutralize Them
Sidorenko, E. L., & Khisamova, Z. I. (2022) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94873-3_29 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Holtfort, T., Horsch, A., & Schwarz, J. (2022) · Risk Governance and Control Financial Markets & Institutions · doi:10.22495/rgcv12i2p3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Real Estate Data MarketplacePreprint
Barnett, J., Serrano, W., Treleaven, P. C., & Knight, A. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3745816 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Robo-Advisors: A perspective on the Latin American context
Prado, S. M. M., Pilco, S. L. Q., & Espin, W. S. (2022) · International Conference on E-Commerce, E-Business and E-Government (ICEEG) · doi:10.1145/3537693.3537701 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
AI ethical challenges: a perspective of AI developers in postcolonial countries
Abraham, I., Sutanto, J., Zhu, R., & Honary, M. (2026) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-11-2024-1466 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Legal and Ethical Review of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Public Safety Management
Ning, W. (2024) · Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences · doi:10.2478/amns-2024-0954 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Balaji, S., Dantu, R., Upadhyay, K., & McCullough, T. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Trust, Privacy and Security in Intelligent Systems and Applications (TPS-ISA) · doi:10.1109/tps-isa62245.2024.00024 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kazim, E., Polle, R., Carvalho, G., Koshiyama, A., Inness, C., Knight, A., Gorski, C., Barber, D., Lomas, E., Yılmaz, E., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3935987 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Handbook 3: Blockchain-based Municipal Waste ManagementPreprint
Lenz, R., Uphaus, A., Kleinheyer, B., Holste, L., Barkel, C., & Tsangaratos, P. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4076025 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
La justicia civil en la era digital y artificial: ¿Hacia una nueva identidad?
Ragone, Á. P. (2021) · Revista Chilena de Derecho · doi:10.7764/r.482.9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Recommender Systems on the Online Entertainment Industry
Sotero, J. M. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/406031 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Guo, Y., Zhai, T., Huang, H., & Wang, L.-Z. (2024) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/rego.12610 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Legal Risk Prevention for Personalized Recommendation Algorithms
Hu, W. (2024) · Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences · doi:10.2478/amns-2024-1859
- Authors
- Treleaven, P., Barnett, J., & Koshiyama, A.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Crown and County Court, London, United Kingdom
- Venue
- Computer
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 32-40
- ISSN
- 0018-9162 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-0814
- OpenAlex
- W2944110813
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 7.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Computer (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- LG Display
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Artificial Intelligence in Law
- Keywords
- algorithms, artificial intelligence law, algorithmic discrimination, algorithmic transparency, algorithmic accountability, automated decision-making, resume screening, autonomous vehicles, predictive analytics, AI regulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
