Experience, Results and Lessons Learned from Automated Driving on Germany's Highways
Abstract
The BMW Group Research and Technology has been testing automated vehicles on Germany's highways since Spring 2011. Since then, thousands of kilometers have been driven on the highways around Munich, Germany. Throughout this project, fundamental technologies, such as environment perception, localization, driving strategy and vehicle control, were developed in order to safely operate prototype automated vehicles in real traffic with speeds up to 130 km/h. The goal of this project was to learn what technologies are necessary for automated driving. This paper presents the architecture and algorithms developed during this project, results from real driving scenarios, the lessons learned throughout the project and a quick introduction into the latest developments for improving the system.
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Due to the high uncertainty of the predictions that autonomous vehicles may make in different driving scenarios, it is impossible and impractical to meet all the requirements to validate and test autonomous cars.
“Therefore, due to the high uncertainty of the predictions that these vehicles may make in different driving scenarios, it is impossible and impractical to meet all the requirements to validate and test autonomous cars [102].”
From Smart Transportation: An Overview of Technologies and Applications (2023) · cites this paper as [102]
Current standards cannot be applied to an autonomous vehicle because of its ability to make sole decisions, unlike traditional cars that require humans to make these decisions.
“However, these standards can not be applied to an autonomous vehicle because of its ability to make sole decisions, unlike traditional cars that require humans to make these decisions.”
From Smart Transportation: An Overview of Technologies and Applications (2023) · cites this paper as [102]
Cites
Making Bertha Drive—An Autonomous Journey on a Historic Route
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Feng, D., Haase-Schutz, C., Rosenbaum, L., Hertlein, H., Glaser, C., Timm, F., Wiesbeck, W., & Dietmayer, K. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2020.2972974 · Cited by 1,425 · see citing works
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping: A Survey of Current Trends in Autonomous Driving
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Autonomous Vehicle Safety: An Interdisciplinary Challenge
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Smart Transportation: An Overview of Technologies and Applications
Oladimeji, D., Gupta, K., Kose, N. A., Gundogan, K., Ge, L., & Liang, F. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23083880 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
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A Combined Model- and Learning-Based Framework for Interaction-Aware Maneuver Prediction
Bahram, M., Hubmann, C., Lawitzky, A., Aeberhard, M., & Wollherr, D. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2015.2506642 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationA Scenario-Adaptive Driving Behavior Prediction Approach to Urban Autonomous Driving
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- Authors
- Aeberhard, M., Rauch, S., Bahram, M., Tanzmeister, G., Thomas, J., Pilat, Y., Homm, F., Huber, W., & Kaempchen, N.
- Affiliations
- BMW (Germany) (DE)
- Venue
- IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 42-57
- ISSN
- 1939-1390 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-1197
- OpenAlex
- W2045531847
- Cited by
- 250
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 38.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Keywords
- autonomous driving, highway driving, environmental perception, vehicle localization, driving strategy, vehicle control, lessons learned, BMW Group
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