When internet of things meets blockchain: Challenges in distributed consensus
Open accessAbstract
Blockchain has been regarded as a promising technology for Internet of Things (IoT), since it provides significant solutions for decentralized network which can address trust and security concerns, high maintenance cost problem, etc. The decentralization provided by blockchain can be largely attributed to the use of consensus mechanism, which enables peer-to-peer trading in a distributed manner without the involvement of any third party. This article starts from introducing the basic concept of blockchain and illustrating why consensus mechanism plays an indispensable role in a blockchain enabled IoT system. Then, we discuss the main ideas of two famous consensus mechanisms including Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS), and list their limitations in IoT. Next, two mainstream Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG) based consensus mechanisms, i.e., the Tangle and Hashgraph, are reviewed to show why DAG consensus is more suitable for IoT system than PoW and PoS. Potential issues and challenges of DAG based consensus mechanism to be addressed in the future are discussed in the last.
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Centralized IoT systems are vulnerable to a single point of failure, particularly while handling a large number of end-to-end communications.
“This makes these systems vulnerable to a single point of failure, particularly while handling a large number of end-to-end communications [2].”
From Blockchain leveraged decentralized IoT ehealth framework (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
Most IoT systems are centralized in that data flows to a single server for processing and storage.
“Most IoT systems are centralized in that data flows to a single server for processing and storage.”
From Blockchain leveraged decentralized IoT ehealth framework (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
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References 12 · Cited by 332
- Authors
- Cao, B., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, L., Mumtaz, S., Zhou, Z., & Peng, M.
- Affiliations
- Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications (CN)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (PT)
- North China Electric Power University (CN)
- Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (CN)
- Venue
- IEEE Network
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 133-139
- ISSN
- 0890-8044 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-156X
- OpenAlex
- W2924387646
- Cited by
- 332
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 15
- FWCI
- 64.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- eprints.gla.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Network (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Distributed systems and fault tolerance
- Keywords
- Internet of Things, blockchain, distributed consensus, consensus algorithms, proof-of-work, proof-of-stake, directed acyclic graphs, tangles, Hashgraph, decentralized networks, Internet of Things security
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