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Cited by 116Blockchain Technology Applications and SecurityIoT and Edge/Fog ComputingInternet of Things and AI

Blockchain leveraged decentralized IoT ehealth framework

Open access
Uddin, Md. Ashraf, Stranieri, Andrew, Gondal, Iqbal, Balasubramanian, Venki·2020·Internet of Things
DOI 10.1016/j.iot.2020.100159
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Abstract

Blockchain technologies recently emerging for eHealth, can facilitate a secure, decentralized and patient-driven, record management system. However, Blockchain technologies cannot accommodate the storage of data generated from IoT devices in remote patient management (RPM) settings as this application requires a fast consensus mechanism, careful management of keys and enhanced protocols for privacy. In this paper, we propose a Blockchain leveraged decentralized eHealth architecture which comprises three layers: (1) The Sensing layer – Body Area Sensor Networks include medical sensors typically on or in a patient body transmitting data to a smartphone. (2) The NEAR processing layer – Edge Networks consist of devices at one hop from data sensing IoT devices. (3) The FAR processing layer – Core Networks comprise Cloud or other high computing servers). A Patient Agent (PA) software replicated on the three layers processes medical data to ensure reliable, secure and private communication. The PA executes a lightweight Blockchain consensus mechanism and utilizes a Blockchain leveraged task-offloading algorithm to ensure patient’s privacy while outsourcing tasks. Performance analysis of the decentralized eHealth architecture has been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the system in the processing and storage of RPM data.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper proposes a three-layer Blockchain-leveraged decentralized IoT eHealth framework with replicated Patient Agents, a lightweight modified Proof-of-Stake consensus mechanism, and a privacy-aware task migration algorithm. Simulation results indicate the modified PoS reduces energy and block generation time versus standard PoS, and the proposed task migration improves execution time by 38.28% over ExTrade while saving 1.81% and 8.45% energy versus ExTrade and MAUI, respectively.

Key findings

  • The modified PoS consensus mechanism showed significantly lower energy consumption and lower block generation time than standard PoS; energy consumption remained almost constant for a given number of clusters as nodes increased, whereas standard PoS energy increased with more nodes.
  • The proposed task migration algorithm (PATM) saved 1.81% and 8.45% energy compared with ExTrade and MAUI, respectively, and improved execution time by 38.28% over ExTrade, the lowest-execution-time existing method.
  • For 300 nodes the ideal number of clusters was 25, while for 500 nodes it was 35; block generation time did not follow a consistently lower or higher trend with more clusters.
  • The architecture achieved higher reliability than DPPHB due to decentralized key management and multiple Patient Agent instances at three layers, but caused higher communication overhead than DPPHB because agents must collect secret-key segments from neighboring agents.

Methods

  • The paper designs a three-layer eHealth architecture: sensing layer (Body Area Sensor Networks), NEAR processing layer (Edge/Fog), and FAR processing layer (Cloud), with replicated Patient Agents executing a modified PoS consensus and Blockchain-leveraged task migration.
  • Performance was evaluated by simulation coded in Java following iFogSim, using a 1000×1000 m² area, variable nodes (100, 200, 300, 400, 500), variable clusters (5–50), and task migration tests with 10–100 tasks; task sizes included lightweight 5–10 KB and heavyweight 5–10 MB tasks.
  • Security analysis used ring signatures, Shamir’s Secret Sharing, and the Scyther formal verification tool; the architecture (BLDHF) was compared with DPPHB for reliability and communication overhead.

Limitations

  • The paper states future work is needed to develop a dynamic storage selection algorithm soliciting patient privacy and security preferences; it also notes that adopting Blockchain in healthcare is challenged by massive continuously streamed health data and that not all medical data need the same security/privacy level.
  • The paper’s own comparative table rates the proposed system’s scalability as “Medium, many resources are required” and communication overhead as “High traffic due to exchange security keys.”
  • Evident from the text: the performance evaluation is simulation-based (iFogSim/Java) and does not report a real-world deployment or clinical validation; the security analysis covers selected attacks and Scyther claims rather than an exhaustive formal proof.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.iot.2020.100159

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 77 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingreasoning

    Completion time of every set of tasks required in the local Fog Agent is less than completion time in the smartphone Agent.

    “As a result, the graph in figure 15(a) shows that the completion time of every set of tasks required in the local Fog Agent is less than that of completion time in the smartphone Agent.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    The smartphone demonstrated longer queue delay than local Fog Agent in the simulation environment.

    “The smartphone demonstrated longer queue delay than local Fog Agent in the simulation environment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In simulation, energy consumption proportionately increases with increasing number of cluster heads because cluster head validates Blocks.

    “The graph depicted in Figure13(a) shows that energy consumption proportionately increases with an increasing number of cluster heads in the network because the cluster head plays the role of validating Blocks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    Higher number of clusters generates more Blocks per second because cluster heads gather transactions and make Blocks.

    “Cluster heads gather transactions and make Blocks; so higher number of Blocks are generated per second with a higher number of clusters.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    Higher Block generation time was found for some higher numbers of clusters due to delay in verifying Blocks.

    “On the other hand, higher Block generation time was also found for some higher numbers of the cluster due to delay in verifying Blocks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 50
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 98
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 3

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    Findingown data

    The ideal number of clusters varies depending on the number of nodes; for 300 nodes it is 25 and for 500 nodes it is 35.

    “The ideal number of clusters vary depending on the number of nodes.For instance, the ideal number of cluster for 300 nodes is 25 but it is 35 for 500 nodes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Cluster formation using K-means and cluster head selection algorithm consumes power.

    “Further, cluster formation using K-means and cluster head selection algorithm consumes power.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Energy consumption of modified PoS remains almost constant for a particular number of clusters with a higher number of nodes, whereas energy consumption of standard PoS keeps increasing when the number of nodes in the network is increased.

    “Energy consumption of modified remains almost constant for a particular number of clusters with a higher number of nodes, whereas energy consumption of PoS keeps increasing when the number of nodes in the network is increased.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    PATM saves 1.81% and 8.45% energy in comparison to ExTrade and MAUI approaches, respectively.

    “Overall, the PATM saves 1.81% and 8.45% energy in comparison to ExTrade and MAUI approaches, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Figure 19 shows OK for authentication, secrecy and message integrity claims, indicating that the applied authentication protocol can withstand different kinds of security attacks.

    “Figure 19 shows OK for the above claims, which indicates that the applied authentication protocol can withstand different kinds of security attacks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The proposed tasks assignment improves execution time 38.28% over the ExTrade approach that shows the lowest execution time among existing methods.

    “Overall, the proposed tasks assignment improves execution time 38.28% over the ExTrade approach that shows the lowest execution time among the existing methods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The ideal number of clusters for 300 nodes is 25, but it is 35 for 500 nodes.

    “For instance, the ideal number of cluster for 300 nodes is 25 but it is 35 for 500 nodes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Other approaches show higher execution time as the number of tasks is increasing, whereas PATM shows almost constant execution time for the increasing number of tasks.

    “Other approaches show higher execution time as the number of tasks is increasing, whereas the PATM shows almost constant execution time for the increasing number of tasks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisereasoning

    Blockchain technologies cannot accommodate the storage of data generated from IoT devices in remote patient management (RPM) applications because RPM requires a fast consensus mechanism, careful management of keys and enhanced protocols for privacy.

    “However, Blockchain technologies cannot accommodate the storage of data generated from IoT devices in remote patient management (RPM) applications as this application requires a fast consensus mechanism, careful management of keys and enhanced protocols for privacy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The PA executes a lightweight Blockchain consensus mechanism and utilizes a Blockchain leveraged task-offloading algorithm to ensure patient's privacy while outsourcing tasks.

    “The PA executes a lightweight Blockchain consensus mechanism and utilizes a Blockchain leveraged task-offloading algorithm to ensure patient's privacy while outsourcing tasks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Blockchain can support access control, secure storage and sharing of medical data without the need to trust third parties or intermediaries while maintaining user's privacy.

    “Blockchain [13], [14] can support access control, secure storage and sharing of medical data without the need to trust third parties or intermediaries while maintaining user's privacy.”
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    Interpretationnone given

    A Patient Agent (PA) software replicated on the three layers processes medical data to ensure reliable, secure and private communication.

    “A Patient Agent (PA) software replicated on the three layers processes medical data to ensure reliable, secure and private communication.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    The US Department of Health and Human Services reported over 2250 data breaches between 2009 and 2018.

    “the US Department of Health and Human Services(HHS) reported over 2250 data breaches between 2009 and 2018 [4].”
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    Premisecitation

    Dwivedi attempted to reduce the computational overhead on IoT devices by deploying a Gateway node to gather data Blocks from a group of IoT devices.

    “Dwivedi [1] attempted to reduce the computational overhead on IoT devices by deploying a Gateway node to gather data Blocks from a group of IoT devices.”
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    Premisecitation

    MedRec facilitates a comprehensive medical record view, care auditability, and data sharing through governing authentication logs.

    “The system facilitates a comprehensive medical record view, care auditability, and data sharing through governing authentication logs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19]

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    Premisecitation

    Patients may choose to include their generated data in an electronic health record (EHR), an inclusive record of patient medical history, more extensive than medical records, to be shared and accessed by authorized users from across different healthcare providers.

    “Patients may also choose to include their generated data to electronic health record(EHR) [12], an inclusive record of patient medical history, more extensive than medical records, to be shared and accessed by authorized users from across different healthcare providers.”
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    In this article, a Blockchain is deployed to perform task migration on the Edge network.

    “In this article, a Blockchain is deployed to perform task migration on the Edge network.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Distributed ledger technology has been investigated to manage user's identity, metadata, share and maintain logs of medical records, and patient key management.

    “distributed ledger technology, popularly known as Blockchain, has also been investigated to manage user's identity [17], metadata [18], share, and maintain logs of medical records [19] and patient key management [20][21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A system can be made fault-tolerant by adding a software module that continuously monitors over the activities of functional units or replicating the system among multiple hardware.

    “A system can be made fault-tolerant by adding a software module that continuously monitors over the activities of functional units or replicating the system among multiple hardware.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A Blockchain consensus mechanism is executed on the MEC to provide its tenants and customers with faster processing and higher security.

    “A Blockchain consensus mechanism is executed on the MEC to provide its tenants and customers with faster processing and higher security.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In MedRec, Ethereum smart contracts orchestrate contents across different storage and provider sites.

    “In this eHealth system, Ethereum smart contracts orchestrate contents across different storage and provider sites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    MedRec, a prototype of a decentralized Blockchain architecture, was first implemented to contribute to an interoperable EHR system.

    “MedRec [19], a prototype of a decentralized Blockchain architecture, was first implemented to contribute to an interoperable EHR system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    The Proof of Work consensus mechanism applied in [15,16,22] needs high computational overhead, long delays, and a great deal of power.

    “the Proof of Work consensus mechanism applied in [15,16,22] needs high computational overhead, long delays, and a great deal of power.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
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    Interpretationreasoning

    Without minimizing connectivity loss and latency, the large storage and processing capacity of Cloud environments cannot be utilized because of excessive transmission delays and unstable connections.

    “Without this, the large storage and processing capacity of Cloud environments, cannot be utilized because of excessive transmission delays and unstable connections.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The efficacy of Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) depends on the extent to which connectivity loss and latency can be minimized.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The broker assigns Blockchain tasks to various Fog devices so that the computational challenges can be met.

    “The broker assigns Blockchain tasks to various Fog devices so that the computational challenges can be met.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The approach advanced here involves the creation of multiple instances of a Patient Agent which is a software module dedicated for a patient.

    “The approach advanced here involves the creation of multiple instances of a Patient Agent which is a software module dedicated for a patient.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Blockchain-based ehealth architectures have been designed to manage health data autonomously.

    “Blockchain-based ehealth architectures [1,15,16] have been designed to manage health data autonomously.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] source

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    • cites [15] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Linn suggested an off-chain to manage raw health data and Blockchain to store metadata of medical records to tackle the challenges of accommodating decentralized ledger technology in healthcare.

    “Linn [18] suggested an off-chain to manage raw health data and Blockchain to store metadata of medical records to tackle the challenges of accommodating decentralized ledger technology in healthcare.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) provides an IT service environment at the edge of the cellular network and closer to the customer to access Cloud computing capabilities.

    “Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) [10], also known as Mobile Edge Computing, provides an IT service environment at the edge of the cellular network and closer to the customer to access Cloud computing capabilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10]

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    Premisecitation

    Tuli et al. presented a generic Broker in the Fog to adopt Blockchain into the Internet of Things data streams.

    “Tuli et al. [22] presented a generic Broker in the Fog to adopt Blockchain into the Internet of Things data streams.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    The Gateway verifies the Blocks as a Miner before adding the Blocks to the Blockchain overlay network.

    “The Gateway verifies the Blocks as a Miner before adding the Blocks to the Blockchain overlay network.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    The multiple instances of the Patient Agent reside in three levels: patient's smartphone, Fog devices and Cloud servers.

    “The multiple instances of the Patient Agent reside in three levels; patient's smartphone, Fog devices and Cloud servers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cyberattacks such as Ransomware and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks can paralyze conventional eHealth systems and dangerously disrupt healthcare services.

    “Cyberattacks such as Ransomware, and Denial of Service(DoS) attacks can paralyze conventional eHealth systems and dangerously disrupt healthcare services [3].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Interpretationreasoning

    These approaches (Dwivedi and Tuli et al.) are still vulnerable to DoS attacks and tampering because they still rely on a centralized Blockchain controller.

    “However, these approaches are still vulnerable to DoS attacks and tampering because they still rely on a centralized Blockchain controller.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] source

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    • cites [22]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    MEC supports distributed edge computing by processing content on Edge devices such as base stations, radio network controllers, hot spots, local data centres, routers, switches, and WiFi access points.

    “MEC supports distributed edge computing by processing content on Edge devices such as base stations, radio network controllers, hot spots, local data centres, routers, switches, and WiFi access points.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    An eHealth system leverages Blockchain technology with an architecture consisting of three layers: the sensing layer (Body Area Sensor Network), NEAR processing layer (the Fog) and FAR processing layer (the Cloud). Multiple instances of the Patient Agent named smartphone Agent, Fog Agent and Cloud Agent are deployed at three layers to process patient's data.

    “1.An eHealth system leverages Blockchain technology with an architecture consisting of three layers; the sensing layer(Body Area Sensor Network), NEAR processing layer( the Fog) and FAR processing layer( the Cloud).Multiple instances of the Patient Agent named smartphone Agent, Fog Agent and Cloud Agent are deployed at three layers to process patient's data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The Migration Handler of a Patient Agent decides to migrate a task or locally execute it using Profile Monitoring that collects profile information of remote Agents from the Blockchain.

    “The Agent's Migration Handler(MH) decides to migrate a task or locally execute the task using Profile Monitoring(PM) that collects profile information of remote Agents from the Blockchain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    This architecture can withstand major cyber-attacks, whereas centralized SDN controller is vulnerable to a single point of failure.

    “This architecture can withstand major cyber-attacks, whereas centralized SDN controller is vulnerable to a single point of failure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    A Blockchain leveraged Task Migration Algorithm is proposed. The method migrates tasks to neighbouring or remote Fog Agents based on data sensitivity where remote Agent's profile is managed on the Blockchain.

    “3. Proposal of a Blockchain leveraged Task Migration Algorithm.The method migrates tasks to neighbouring or remote Fog Agents based on data sensitivity where remote Agent's profile is managed on the Blockchain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Both Fog and Cloud involve their administrators to process medical data which threatens patient's privacy.

    “Both Fog and Cloud involve their administrators to process medical data which threatens patient's privacy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Devices at all three levels contain multiple instances of a Patient Agent.

    “Devices at three levels contain multiple instances of a Patient Agent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The Blockchain Manager of a Patient Agent assists the Execution Unit, Migration Handler and Storage Management through a consortium Blockchain.

    “The Blockchain Manager(BM) of the PA assists EU, MH and Storage Management(SM) to accomplish their activities through a consortium Blockchain”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Existing Blockchain eHealth architectures reviewed above included Fog and Cloud for the storage and processing of patient's data.

    “Existing Blockchain eHealth architectures reviewed above included Fog and Cloud for the storage and processing of patient's data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    A Patient Agent dedicated to providing health services has functionalities including handling task migration, managing Blockchain, and network slices.

    “An Agent dedicated to providing a patient with health services has several functionalities, including handling task migration, managing Blockchain, and network slices.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The Execution Unit of a Patient Agent locally processes a patient's health data.

    “The Execution Unit(EU) locally processes a patient's health data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A customized Blockchain with a lightweight modified Proof of Stake consensus mechanism is implemented at the NEAR processing layer to process data streamed from medical IoT sensors. The consensus mechanism for the healthcare Blockchain is executed on the Edge devices to best use those device's faster communication capacity leaving the permanent storage for the Blockchain to be managed in the Cloud

    “2. A customized Blockchain with a lightweight modified Proof of Stake consensus mechanism implemented at the NEAR processing layer to process data streamed from medical IoT sensors.The consensus mechanism for the healthcare Blockchain is executed on the Edge devices to best use those device's faster communication capacity leaving the permanent storage for the Blockchain to be managed in the Cloud.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    To bridge this research gap, we proposed a decentralized Patient Agent-based eHealth architecture with Blockchain implemented at Fog and Cloud level.

    “To bridge this research gap, we proposed a decentralized Patient Agent-based eHealth architecture with Blockchain implemented at Fog and Cloud level described in the next section.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The architecture only ensures the secure processing of medical data.

    “The architecture only ensures the secure processing of medical data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Random Miner selection improves the throughput and reduce computational overhead.

    “Random Miner selection improves the throughput and reduce computational overhead.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    This can alleviate employee wages, legal cost, and data centre rentals but outputs low throughput and high power consumption depending on the consensus mechanism.

    “This can alleviate employee wages, legal cost, and data centre rentals [47] but outputs low throughput and high power consumption depending on the consensus mechanism.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Blockchain healthcare has been proven to safeguard the system from DoS, ransomware but also suffers from some other attacks depending on the Blockchain algorithm such as long-range attack, mining and storage attack and known 51% attack.

    “The Blockchain healthcare has been proven to safeguard the system from DoS, ransomware but also suffers from some other attacks depending on the Blockchain algorithm such as long-range attack, mining and storage attack and known 51% attack.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The eHealth architecture comprises devices from three levels: sensing, NEAR processing, and FAR processing.

    “Figure 1 depicts the high-level view of the eHealth architecture that comprises devices from three levels: sensing, NEAR processing and FAR processing level.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Data is recorded in an immutable distributed ledger with auditing traces which guarantees transparency in the procession of data exchange.

    “Data is recorded in an immutable distributed ledger with auditing traces which guarantees transparency in the procession of data exchange [45].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Decentralized Blockchain controller makes an eHealth system fault-tolerant, reliable and protects it from the DoS.

    “Decentralized Blockchain controller makes an eHealth system fault-tolerant, reliable and protects it from the DoS.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Smart devices can cause a single point of failure and be vulnerable to Denial of Service attack.

    “However, the smart devices can cause a single point of failure and be vulnerable to Denial of Service attack.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Some nodes can collude to work for the requestors and obtain high reputation.

    “Further, some nodes can collude to work for the requestors and obtain high reputation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55]

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Blockchain based existing eHealth architectures did not advance consensus mechanism and privacy aware task offloading method.

    “Further, Blockchain based existing eHealth architectures did not advance consensus mechanism and privacy aware task offloading method.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Maintenance of standardization across the various agencies.

    “Maintenance of standardization across the various agencies [48].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The sensing layer comprises wearable sensors, implantable sensors, smartwatch, smartphone and other IoT devices that sense patient's vital signs and passive data.

    “The Sensing Layer: Wearable sensors, implantable sensors, smartwatch, smartphone and other IoT devices sense patient's vital signs and passive data, including room temperature, humidity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    The Patient Agents at the NEAR and FAR processing layers collaboratively implement Blockchain technologies to process patient data securely.

    “The Patient Agents at the upper two levels: NEAR and FAR processing layers collaboratively take part in realising Blockchain technologies to process patient's data securely.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    A hybrid consensus mechanism including reputation, voting, performance, randomness and stake of coin can meet challenges related to consensus protocol.

    “A hybrid consensus mechanism including reputation, voting, performance, randomness and stake of coin can meet challenges related to consensus protocol.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    A universal broker system in eHealth causes security and privacy threat for the patients.

    “However, a universal broker system in eHealth causes security and privacy threat for the patients.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Sharma proposed to use distributed SDN controller that would be connected using Blockchain technology.

    “Sharma proposed to use distributed SDN controller that would be connected using Blockchain technology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PoV is not fully decentralized like Proof of Work rather it provides controllable security, convergence reliability, and only one Block is confirmed within a time frame.

    “But PoV is not fully decentralized like Proof of Work rather it provides controllable security, convergence reliability, and only one Block is confirmed within a time frame.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [56]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    IoT devices at the sensing layer are wirelessly connected to a smartphone via star topology.

    “The IoT devices at the sensing layer are wirelessly connected to a smartphone via star topology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Fuzzy rules can represent sophisticated heuristics more appropriately than crisp rules.

    “A Fuzzy Inference System(FIS) is used for this because fuzzy rules can represent sophisticated heuristics more appropriately than crisp rules.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The slave manager can assign a slave Patient Agent to run Blockchain algorithms, including consensus mechanism, on a network slice supporting higher computing.

    “For instance, the salve manager can assign a slave Patient Agent to run the Blockchain algorithms, including consensus mechanism to a network slice supporting higher computing because Blockchain technologies require incredibly high computing resources for processing health data in near realtime.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The Patient Agent can fit on the 5G architecture described in section 3.1.

    “The Patient Agent can fit on the 5G architecture described in section 3.1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A modified Proof of Stake consensus mechanism executes on the NEAR processing peer-to-peer network.

    “A modified Proof of Stake(PoS) consensus mechanism executes on this peer-to-peer network.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The NEAR and FAR processing layers each contain at least two Patient Agent instances, and the sensing level has at least one.

    “The NEAR and FAR processing layers, each contains ≥ 2 number of instances of a PA and the sensing level has at least ≥ 1 number of PA instances.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A local machine allots a task to a remote machine if processing time of the task locally is higher than processing time of the task remotely.

    “Condition 2: If processing time of the task in the local machine is higher than the processing time of the task in the remote machine.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Multiple instances of a Patient Agent are deployed in the Cloud to process delay-tolerant and high computing tasks with greater availability and flexibility.

    “Multiple instances of a Patient Agent are also deployed in the Cloud to process delay-tolerant and high computing tasks with greater availability and flexibility.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The Blockchain's nodes authorize environment parameters of potential remote devices that want to take part in executing migrated tasks.

    “The Blockchain's nodes authorize environment parameters of the potential remote devices that want to take part in executing migrated tasks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    There is still room to design a secure Blockchain leveraged task offloading mechanism in MEC for the healthcare domain.

    “But, there is still a room to design a secure Blockchain leveraged task offloading mechanism in MEC(Mobile Edge Computing) for the healthcare domain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A local machine allots a task to a remote machine if energy consumption to execute the task locally is higher than energy consumption to transmit the task to the remote machine.

    “Condition 1: If energy consumption to execute the task in the local machine is higher than the energy consumption to transmit the task to the remote machine.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A Fog Agent can outsource its tasks to a neighbouring or remote Fog Agent that have spare capacity.

    “A Fog Agent can outsource its tasks to a neighbouring or remote Fog Agent that have spare capacity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The proposed consensus mechanism is less vulnerable to 51% attack than DPoS because a leader comes from each cluster.

    “This consensus mechanism is less vulnerable to 51% attack than DPoS as a leader comes from each cluster.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: In DPoS, few nodes can dominate the entire network, making the system vulnerable to a 51% attack.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Multiple instances of a slave Patient Agent run on mobile access, Edge and core Cloud of a network slice to make the system fault-tolerant.

    “Multiple instances of a slave Patient Agent run on mobile access, Edge and core Cloud of a network slice to make the system fault-tolerant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Linear regression-based prediction did not estimate accurate execution time in healthcare because execution time depends on data size that varies over time.

    “In healthcare, execution time depends on the data size of the task that varies over time.So, the linear regression-based prediction did not estimate the accurate execution time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Khoda applied nonlinear optimization Lagrange multiplier to decide code offloading and improved energy consumption because the operation is lighter than linear optimization.

    “Khoda [66] applied nonlinear optimization Lagrange multiplier to decide code offloading.They could improve energy consumption because non-linear Lagrange multiplier's operation is lighter than that of the linear optimization method.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In modified PoS, few selected healthy Miners validate a Block, whereas standard PoS requires more than 50% of nodes to participate in Block validation, resulting in higher energy consumption.

    “In the modified PoS, few selected healthy Miners validate a Block, but the standard PoS requires more than 50% node participates in the Block validation process, which results in higher energy consumption.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    The master Patient Agent comprises a slice manager and a slave manager.

    “Figure 3(b) depicts that the master Patient Agent comprises two functional components, namely, a slice manager and a slave manager.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The decision of offloading a task by solving a linear optimization problem involves high computational cost.

    “Further, the decision of offloading a task by solving a linear optimization problem involves high computational cost.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    ThinkAir and CADA devised offloading algorithms for a static execution environment and assumed parameters remain unchanged regardless of location or time, so they did not produce accurate results in a dynamic execution environment.

    “They both devised their offloading algorithm for static execution environment, and they assumed these parameters remain unchanged regardless of location or time.Consequently, the proposed methods did not produce an accurate result in a dynamic execution environment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [64]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [65]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In standard PoS, different nodes transmit their transactions to one leader node and the confirmed Block is broadcast throughout the network for validation, causing higher energy consumption and longer time.

    “In standard PoS, different nodes transmit their transactions to one leader node and confirmed Block is needed to broadcast throughout the network for validation.Consequently, the process consumes higher energy, as depicted in Figure 14(a) and requires a longer time for broadcasting the Block throughout the network.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Higher CPU speed, memory capacity, availability of a node and lower average delay and coefficient of variation make a better Miner.

    “The higher CPU speed, memory capacity, availability of a node and the lower average delay and coefficient of variation with a Miner, the better the Miner is.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The FAR processing layer Agents can permanently provide storage for the Blockchain-based health ledger.

    “The Agents in the FAR processing layer can permanently provide storage for the Blockchain-based health ledger.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    PoW is not suitable for processing streamed medical IoT data because medical data transactions need faster processing to meet patient QoS.

    “But, this consensus mechanism is not suitable for processing streamed medical IoT data because the medical data transactions necessitate faster processing to meet patient's QoS.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Medical IoT devices can save significant power and make processing faster by offloading heavyweight tasks to their embedded Edge devices.

    “Medical IoT devices can save a significant amount of power and make processing faster by offloading heavyweight tasks to their embedded Edge devices [43].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Cloud servers managed by proprietary organizations can provide large storage and high computing capabilities.

    “Cloud servers managed by various proprietary organizations like Amazon, Microsoft, IBM and other stakeholders can provide servers with a large volume of storage and high computing capabilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    MAUI and CloneCloud determined optimal location to execute a task using an offline linear optimization method, assuming energy or time required to offload a task is known.

    “MAUI [62] and CloneCloud [63] determined optimal location(local or remote machine) to execute a task using an offline linear optimization method.They assumed that the energy or time required to offload a task to a machine is known to the system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [62]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [63]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The monitoring Agent reports the master Agent if malicious attacks occur on a NEAR or FAR Agent.

    “The monitoring Agent reports the master Agent if malicious attacks occur on a NEAR or FAR Agent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The slice manager asks the TC via the OSS to allocate a network slice to run the newly created slave Patient Agent.

    “The slice manager asks TC via the OSS to allocate a network slice to run the newly created slave Patient Agent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    If an Agent is shut down due to cyber-attacks or network overload, the master Agent activates a new Agent to take over the role of the infected Agent.

    “If an Agent is shut down due to cyber-attacks or suffers from network overload, the master Agent activates a new Agent to take over the role of the infected Agent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    In the proposed mechanism, reducing specific points from the current leader's fitness prevents that node from being a leader for the subsequent round.

    “Further, the reduction of specific points from the current leader's fitness prevents the node from being a leader for the subsequent round.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The NEAR processing layer devices are typically located at one hop distance from the data sensing devices.

    “The devices of NEAR processing level are typically located at one hop distance from the data sensing devices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    The master Patient Agent acts as a broker or controller and determines the resource requirements for supporting a particular healthcare service.

    “The master Patient Agent depicted in figure 3(b), playing the role of a broker or controller, determines the resource requirements for supporting a particular healthcare service.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The modified PoS consensus mechanism was executed ten times in the simulated network, and performance graphs use average values from 10 execution runs.

    “The modified PoS consensus mechanism is executed ten times in the simulated network, and the performance graphs are depicted with average values generated from 10 execution runs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The FAR processing layer includes servers with high computing and storage capabilities located far from data sensing devices.

    “The FAR processing level includes servers with high computing and storage capabilities.The location of these devices can be far away from the data sensing devices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The smartphone Agent on the sensing level acts as master Agent and instructs one NEAR Agent to monitor other NEAR and FAR Agents.

    “The smartphone Agent on the sensing level plays the role of master Agent and instructs, one of the NEAR Agents to monitor other NEAR and FAR Agents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Offloading tasks are categorized based on privacy and time sensitivity to preserve patient privacy and meet QoS.

    “Further, offloading tasks are categorized based on privacy and time sensitivity to preserve patient privacy and meet QoS, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Maintaining patient's privacy and security during migrating tasks to other remote Patient Agents is indispensable to meet services QoS.

    “Maintaining patient's privacy and security during migrating tasks to other remote Patient Agents is indispensable to meet services QoS.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A master Patient Agent can be incorporated with the OSS to independently control and manage a diverse range of health applications.

    “We propose to incorporate a master Patient Agent with OSS(Operation Support System) to independently control and manage a diverse range of health applications.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The paper proposes to use a Blockchain to store execution environment parameters of a remote machine.

    “We propose to use a Blockchain to store execution environment parameters of a remote machine.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The smartphone instance of a Patient Agent performs pre-processing such as filtering noise and classification on physiological data before sending them to the next level.

    “The smartphone instance of a PA performs pre-processing such as filtering noise, classification on physiological data to send them to the next level for further processing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Modified PoS selects healthy Miners based on reputation, performance and stake, whereas standard PoS nominates a Miner based only on investment or stake; therefore Block generation time is lower in the cluster-based network with modified PoS.

    “Further, the modified PoS selects some healthy Miners based on reputation, performance and stake, but standard PoS nominates a Miner based only on investment or stake.Therefore, Block generation time is lower in the cluster-based network with modified PoS.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In the proposed framework, executing a lightweight consensus mechanism at the NEAR processing layer and storing Block metadata there reduces Block confirmation delay because NEAR processing devices are one hop from medical sensors.

    “layer can execute a lightweight consensus mechanism and store metadata about a Block.This reduces delay in Block's confirmation on the Blockchain because NEAR processing devices are located at one hop from the medical sensors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Each Fog device runs similar suites of Blockchain protocols, enabling communications between them without trusting third parties.

    “Each Fog device runs the similar suits of Blockchain protocols.As a result, they can perform communications between them without the need to trust third parties [2].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    A personalized software Patient Agent is required to continuously record and analyze health data to assess resource requirements for offering appropriate health services to a patient.

    “Therefore, a personalized software Patient Agent is required to continuously record, and analyze health data to assess resource requirements for offering appropriate health services to a patient.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Handling different medical cases requires network slices with various levels of resource capacities to meet patient's QoE and QoS.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A slave Patient Agent for managing remote heart surgery runs on a network slice with ultra-high bandwidth, very low latency and reliable communication channels.

    “A slave Patient Agent for managing remote heart surgery runs on a network slice that has ultra-high bandwidth, very low latency and reliable communication channels.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The slave manager creates a slave Patient Agent dedicated to serve a specific health service.

    “The slave manager creates a slave Patient Agent dedicated to serve a specific health service.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A Patient Agent hosted on the sensing layer can randomly choose a Patient Agent from the NEAR or FAR processing layer each time it has health data to be processed in the upper layers.

    “The Patient Agent hosted on the sensing layer can randomly choose a PA from the NEAR or FAR processing layer every time it has health data to be processed in the upper layers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The local machine retrieves these parameters from the Blockchain to outsource tasks to neighbouring or remote devices.

    “The local machine retrieves these parameters from the Blockchain to outsource tasks to neighbouring or remote devices.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    If the cluster head is down or malicious and cluster members do not receive transactions for verification, the consensus mechanism should select another node as the cluster head.

    “If the cluster head is down or malicious and cluster members do not receive transactions for verification, the consensus mechanism should select another node as the cluster head.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The Fog Agent stores Block's header in the fashion of a linked list, which ensures health data integrity.

    “The Fog Agent stores Block's header in the fashion of linked list, which ensures health data integrity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Blockchain Miners cannot trace the transaction's creator and distinguish the creator from other ring members.

    “But, Blockchain Miners cannot trace the transaction's creator and distinguish the creator from other ring members.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In our system, an Agent requires to collect a certain number of segments of the data encryption from other neighbouring Agents to form the complete secret key; this method causes communication overhead while authenticating and exchanging secret keys.

    “In our system, an Agent requires to collect a certain number of segments of the data encryption from other neighbouring Agents to form the complete secret key.This method causes communication overhead while authenticating and exchanging secret keys.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The replicated Patient Agent can protect the patient's privacy while retrieving health data from the public domain if an individual Agent dedicated to a Patient for creating and managing keys is installed in the public server.

    “The replicated Patient Agent can protect the patient's privacy while retrieving health data from the public domain if an individual Agent dedicated to a Patient for creating and managing keys is installed in the public server.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The SSS scheme prevents an attack from gaining unauthorized access to keys, even if the device is compromised.

    “This scheme prevents the attack from gaining unauthorized access to keys, even if the device is compromised.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Nodes from a particular region cannot collude for a mining attack because the network is divided into clusters, the cluster head is changed based on performance, reputation and locked share, and a super leader is randomly chosen from the cluster heads.

    “So, nodes from a particular region cannot collude for a mining attack.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The modified PoS approach, where a super leader can make a certain number of Blocks and a new super leader is randomly selected each round to organize transactions into a Block, can reduce the possibilities of a selfish mining attack.

    “This approach can reduce the possibilities of such an attack.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Energy consumption and time for data transmission to remote devices depend on the task's size.

    “The energy consumption and time for data transmission to remote devices depend on the task's size.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    In the eHealth architecture, homogeneous Patient Agents (instances of the same Patient Agent) use digital ring signature and Shamir's Secret Sharing to ensure a secure communication channel between them.

    “In this eHealth architecture, homogeneous Patient Agents( instances of the same Patient Agent) uses digital ring signature and SSS(Shamir's Secret Sharing) to ensure a secure communication channel between them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A patient's identity is completely anonymous in the Blockchain because of using a ring signature.

    “Further, a patient's identity is completely anonymous in the Blockchain because of using a ring signature.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Lost transactions can be retrieved from the cluster members because cluster members temporarily store transactions until the Block containing the transaction is confirmed in the Blockchain.

    “Therefore, lost transactions can be retrieved from the cluster members.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The eHealth system includes a modified Blockchain PoS consensus mechanism and a privacy-aware task offloading algorithm.

    “The eHealth system includes a modified Blockchain PoS consensus mechanism and a privacy-aware task offloading algorithm.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The eHealth system is more reliable and fault-tolerant because it deploys multiple instances of a software Patient Agent at three layers.

    “This makes the eHealth system more reliable and fault-tolerant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    In eHealth, a patient's privacy has the risk of being compromised if an attack can connect his sensitive health data to an Agent of the patient.

    “In eHealth, a patient's privacy has the risk of being compromised if an attack can connect his sensitive health data to an Agent of the patient.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Health data can be disseminated among multiple health repositories (EHR, EMR, PHR and Blockchain EHR) in accordance with patient's privacy preferences.

    “Health data can be disseminated among multiple health repositories(EHR, EMR, PHR and Blockchain EHR) in accordance with patient's privacy preferences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Not all medical data generated from continuous patient monitoring needs to be stored with the same security and privacy level.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The dedicated Patient Agent software can manage the resources of 5G network slices to embrace Blockchain technologies in processing health data.

    “The dedicated Patient Agent software can manage the resources of 5G network slices to embrace the Blockchain technologies in processing health data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The Patient Agent executing in the smartphone resumes services through replicating a Patient Agent at another device at Fog or Cloud level when the Patient Agent is under a DoS attack.

    “The Patient Agent executing in the smartphone resumes the services through replicating a Patient Agent at another device at Fog or Cloud level when the Patient Agent is under the DoS attack.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Scyther was used to verify the authentication process.

    “We also used Scyther [78], a formal methods tool to verify the authentication process.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [78]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The data encryption key might be compromised by a malicious hacker or by a rogue Fog or Cloud administrator.

    “The data encryption key might be compromised by a malicious hacker or by a rogue Fog or Cloud administrator.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
133 of 133

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cloud service providers' compliance with statutes and regulations for health data is difficult to ascertain.

    “Statutes and regulations for the regulation of health data now exist; however, Cloud service providers compliance with them is difficult to ascertain.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The efficacy of Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) depends on the extent to which connectivity loss and latency can be minimized.

    “However, the efficacy of MCC depends on the extent to which connectivity loss and latency can be minimized.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Collecting and processing data closer to the customer reduces latency and brings real-time performance to applications requiring high-bandwidth.

    “Collecting and processing data closer to the customer reduces latency and brings real-time performance to applications requiring high-bandwidth.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In distributed Edge network of MEC, an Edge server with lower processing capabilities can outsource its tasks to remote Edge servers with higher computing capabilities.

    “In distributed Edge network of MEC, an Edge server with lower processing capabilities can outsource its tasks to remote Edge servers with higher computing capabilities.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Migrating tasks to remote Edge servers introduces security threats that can result in data theft and privacy breaches because diverse stakeholders manage Edge computing devices.

    “But, migrating tasks to remote Edge servers introduce security threats that can result in data theft, and privacy breaches because diverse stakeholders manage Edge computing devices.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    These tasks require considerable computational resources and cannot be achieved without compromising performance or security aspects of QoS expectations.

    “These tasks require considerable computational resources, particularly cannot be achieved without compromising performance or security aspects of QoS expectations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The adoption of Blockchain in healthcare has mixed reviews from the researchers.

    “However, the adoption of Blockchain in healthcare has mixed reviews from the researchers.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Inclusion of Blockchain technology in healthcare is a trade-off between security and computational cost and storage resources.

    “Inclusion of Blockchain technology in healthcare is a trade-off between security and computational cost and storage resources.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Execution of Blockchain's algorithms, including mining and authorizing, creates a burden on resource-constrained devices such as medical sensors and other IoT devices.

    “Execution of Blockchain's algorithms, including mining, authorizing creates a burden on resource-constrained devices such as medical sensors and other IoT devices.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Consensus mechanisms applied in various Blockchain-based eHealth research require very high computational resources.

    “Consensus mechanisms applied in various Blockchain-based eHealth research require very high computational resources.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Access is delayed due to fragmented health record among diverse health record systems.

    “Access is delayed due to fragmented health record among diverse health record systems”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Government or stakeholder does not require a massive amount of deployment cost since individual entity contributes resources.

    “Government or stakeholder does not require a massive amount of deployment cost since individual entity contributes resources.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cost-saving and profitable because a user is rewarded for taking part in mining.

    “Instead, cost-saving and profitable because a user is rewarded for taking part in mining.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Diverse health institutions or providers may have various legal requirements which add an extra barrier to the cross-border sharing health data.

    “Diverse health institutions or providers may have various legal requirements which add an extra barrier to the cross-border sharing health data.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Different security and privacy methods used in such systems raise the interoperability issue among them.

    “Different security and privacy methods used in such systems raise the interoperability issue among them.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Universal set of rules and regulations of such technology can offer a high level of interoperability to share records across diverse institutional healthcare professionals.

    “But, universal set of rules and regulations of such technology can offer a high level of interoperability to share records across diverse institutional healthcare professionals.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Logging information for every access, but auditing is not transparent due to the involvement of a single controller or institution.

    “Logging information for every access, but auditing is not transparent due to the involvement of a single controller or institution.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Resilience and sustainability of such a system rely mostly on single third party.

    “Resilience and sustainability of such a system rely mostly on single third party”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Every entity maintains logging.

    “Every entity maintains logging.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Transparent sharing of health data by running a consensus mechanism, which substitutes the third party trust.

    “Transparent sharing of health data by running a consensus mechanism, which substitutes the third party trust”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    These repositories are unable to guarantee immutability of health record.

    “These repositories are unable to guarantee immutability of health record”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Digital signature, the cryptographic linkage between Blocks, and a consensus mechanism make reliable and fault-tolerant storage.

    “Digital signature, the cryptographic linkage between Blocks, and a consensus mechanism make reliable and fault-tolerant storage.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Traditional SDN controller is centralized.

    “Traditional SDN controller is centralized.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The incorporation of Blockchain at SDN controller level might have delay and additional computational cost in processing of the user's data using API.

    “However, the incorporation of Blockchain at SDN controller level might have delay and additional computational cost in processing of the user's data using API(Application Programming Interface).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    State-of-the-art research focused on the design of 5G enabled distinct health applications.

    “State-of-the-art research focused on the design of 5G enabled distinct health applications.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A patient might need services from more than one health applications at a time.

    “However, a patient might need services from more than one health applications at a time.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A patient might require both 5G enabled emotion detection and diabetic monitoring applications at the same time.

    “For instance, a patient might require both 5G enabled emotion detection and diabetic monitoring applications at the same time.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A remote machine might lie to a local machine about its processing capabilities.

    “A remote machine might lie to a local machine, and there needs a secure mechanism to obtain processing capabilities related information of the remote machine.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Malicious Agents might lie to a client Agent about their performance parameters.

    “The malicious Agents might lie to a client Agent about their performance parameters.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Blockchain technologies require high computational cost and storage, and NEAR processing devices do not have appropriate capabilities to accommodate a Blockchain.

    “But, Blockchain technologies requires high computational cost and storage, and NEAR processing devices do not have appropriate capabilities to accommodate a Blockchain.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    A Patient Agent on the smartphone or Fog has multiple tasks to be assigned to multiple neighbouring or remote agents.

    “It is assumed that a Patient Agent on the smartphone or Fog has multiple tasks( = 1, 2, … , ) to be assigned to multiple neighbouring or remote agents( = 1, 2, … , ).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Handling different medical cases requires network slices with various levels of resource capacities to meet patient's QoE and QoS.

    “Handling different medical cases require network slices with various levels of resource capacities to meet patient's QoE and QoS.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    PoW is the most decentralized consensus method.

    “The Proof of Work(PoW) used in Bitcoin and Ethereum is the most decentralized consensus method.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    PoW protects the Blockchain from DoS and Sybil attacks because attackers are not encouraged to invest the computational resources required for PoW.

    “The PoW protects the Blockchain from DoS, and Sybil attacks as attackers are not being encouraged to invest a tremendous amount of computational resources required for the PoW.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In DPoS, few nodes can dominate the entire network, making the system vulnerable to a 51% attack.

    “Some drawbacks of this mechanism are: few nodes can dominate the entire network, which makes the system vulnerable to a 51% attack.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In DPoS, nodes with high stake can influence the Blockchain network more than nodes with small stake because vote weight is based on stake.

    “Nodes having a high stake can influence the Blockchain network more than that of nodes with a small stake due to assigning the weight of a vote based on the stake a node holds.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In DPoS, delegates might collude to vote for a particular group of witness nodes.

    “Further, delegates might collude to vote for a particular group of witness nodes.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The initial positive or negative reputation of each Agent is 1.

    “The initial positive or negative reputation of each Agent is assumed 1.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The local Fog Agent has higher processing capabilities than the smartphone Agent.

    “The processing capabilities of a local Fog Agent are higher than that of a smartphone Agent.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Other migration approaches serially assign a task to a remote Fog device.

    “Other migration approaches serially assign a task to a remote Fog device.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    PKI can preserve a node's pseudonymous properties, but a user's transactions can be correlated to each other while Miners verify those.

    “The PKI can preserve a node's pseudonymous properties, but a user's transactions can be correlated to each other while the Miners verify those.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Not all medical data generated from continuous patient monitoring needs to be stored with the same security and privacy level.

    “Not all medical data generated from continuous patient monitoring does not need to be stored with the same security and privacy level.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A cluster head will lose its reputation and share once it is identified as malicious.

    “the cluster head will lose its reputation and share once it is identified as malicious”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The headers stored in Fog can be used to reinstate corrupt Blocks.

    “the headers stored in Fog can be used to reinstate corrupt Blocks”
44 of 44

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Fog computing has many benefits and is suited for applications that require fast response time, low latency, and real-time processing, especially healthcare.

    “Fog computing has many benefits and is suited for applications that require fast response time, low latency, and real-time processing, for specially healthcare [47,208].”

    From A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions (2021) · cites this paper as [47]

  • The Patient Centric Agent in Refs.[47,280] replicated at the three levels enables outsourcing patient's tasks to Edge and Cloud nodes while preserving privacy and security.

    “The Patient Centric Agent in Refs.[47,280] replicated at the three levels enables outsourcing patient's tasks to Edge and Cloud nodes while preserving privacy and security.”

    From A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions (2021) · cites this paper as [47]

  • The work in Ref. [47] decentralized the Patient Centric Agent through replicating the agent at Smartphone in Body Area Sensor Networks, Near processing layer (Fog level), and Far processing layer (Cloud level).

    “The work in Ref. [47] decentralized the Patient Centric Agent through replicating the agent at Smartphone in Body Area Sensor Networks, Near processing layer (Fog level), and Far processing layer (Cloud level).”

    From A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions (2021) · cites this paper as [47]

  • The consensus mechanism for data processing in remote patient management was incorporated at the Fog and Cloud levels.

    “The consensus mechanism for data processing in remote patient management was incorporated at the Fog and Cloud levels.”

    From A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions (2021) · cites this paper as [47]

  • To process patient's records rapidly, a lightweight modified PoS consensus protocol for the blockchain was constructed using the Fuzzy Inference Method.

    “To process patient's records rapidly, a lightweight modified PoS consensus protocol for the blockchain was constructed using the Fuzzy Inference Method.”

    From A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions (2021) · cites this paper as [47]

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 77 · Cited by 116

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Mahmud, 2018, 32, 1

Authors
Uddin, M. A., Stranieri, A., Gondal, I., & Balasubramanian, V.
Affiliations
Federation University (AU)
Corresponding author
Uddin, Md. Ashraf
ORCID
Venue
Internet of Things
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-03
Volume
9
Pages
100159
ISSN
2542-6605 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.iot.2020.100159
OpenAlex
W2999185106
Cited by
116
References
77
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 11
FWCI
18.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Internet of Things (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion)
  • RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
Keywords
blockchain, remote patient monitoring, wireless body area networks, edge computing, task offloading, patient privacy, medical data security, cloud computing

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