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Cited by 232Advanced Wireless Communication TechnologiesAdvanced Antenna and Metasurface TechnologiesMillimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 6G: Emerging Hardware Architectures, Applications, and Open Challenges

Open access
Basar, Ertugrul, Alexandropoulos, George C., Liu, Yuanwei, Wu, Qingqing, Jin, Shi, Yuen, Chau, Dobre, Octavia A., Schober, Robert·2024·IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine
DOI 10.1109/mvt.2024.3415570
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Abstract

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are rapidly gaining prominence in the realm of 5G-advanced and predominantly 6G mobile networks, offering a revolutionary approach to optimizing wireless communications. This article delves into the intricate world of the RIS technology, exploring its diverse hardware architectures and the resulting versatile operating modes. These include RISs with signal reception and processing units, sensors, amplification units, transmissive capability, multiple stacked components, and dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs). Furthermore, we shed light on emerging RIS applications, such as index and reflection modulation, noncoherent modulation, next-generation multiple access (NGMA), integrated sensing and communications (ISAC), energy harvesting (EH), as well as aerial and vehicular networks. These exciting applications are set to transform the way we will wirelessly connect in the upcoming era of 6G. Finally, we review recent experimental RIS setups and present various open problems of the overviewed RIS hardware architectures and their applications. From enhancing network coverage to enabling new communication paradigms, RIS-empowered connectivity is poised to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of wireless networking. This article unveils the underlying principles and potential impacts of RISs, focusing on cutting-edge developments of this physical-layer smart connectivity technology.

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  • Flexible intelligent metasurfaces have been created by depositing an array of dielectric inclusions onto a soft, conformal substrate such as polydimethylsiloxane.

    “In addition, fl exible intelligent metasurfaces (FIM) have been created by depositing an array of dielectric inclusions onto a soft, conformal substrate such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [17], [18].”

    From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [18]

    The hardware-architectures discussion (pp. 3–5) describes stacked metasurfaces, dynamic antennas, and waveguide-based substrates, but not flexible intelligent metasurfaces made with dielectric inclusions on PDMS. Searches for “polydimethylsiloxane,” “PDMS,” “conformal substrate,” and “flexible” found no passage addressing that construction; the paper's uses of “flexible” concern other properties. (LLM, conf=0.77)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Research works printed but not linked: 38

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Metadata

Authors
Basar, E., Alexandropoulos, G. C., Liu, Y., Wu, Q., Jin, S., Yuen, C., Dobre, O. A., & Schober, R.
Affiliations
  • Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Communications Research and Innovation Laboratory, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
  • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
  • Queen Mary University of London (GB)
  • Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
  • Southeast University (CN)
  • Nanyang Technological University (SG)
  • Memorial University of Newfoundland (CA)
  • Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
ORCID
Venue
IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published
2024-09
Volume
19
Issue
3
Pages
27-47
ISSN
  • 1556-6072 (ISSN-L)
  • 1556-6080
DOI
10.1109/mvt.2024.3415570
OpenAlex
W4400526331
Cited by
232
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 86 · 2025: 126 · 2024: 20
FWCI
24.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
Funders
  • Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (120E401)
  • Smart Networks and Services Joint (TERRAMETA, 6G-DISAC)
  • European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation program (101097101, 101139130)
  • Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/W035588/1)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (62371289, NSFC 62331022)
  • Jiangsu Province Frontier Leading Technology Basic Research Project (BK20212002)
  • Ministry of Education Singapore MOE Tier 2 (MOE-T2EP50220-0019)
  • Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore (M22L1b0110)
  • Canada Research Chairs Program (CRC-2022-00187)
  • Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (16KISK023)
  • German Research Foundation (SCHO 831/15-1)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
Keywords
reconfigurable intelligent surface, 6G, dynamic metasurface antennas, index modulation, reflection modulation, non-coherent modulation, integrated sensing and communication, energy harvesting, vehicular networks, aerial networks, smart connectivity

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