Wireless Communications Through Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
Open accessAbstract
The future of mobile communications looks exciting with the potential new use cases and challenging requirements of future 6th generation (6G) and beyond wireless networks. Since the beginning of the modern era of wireless communications, the propagation medium has been perceived as a randomly behaving entity between the transmitter and the receiver, which degrades the quality of the received signal due to the uncontrollable interactions of the transmitted radio waves with the surrounding objects. The recent advent of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces in wireless communications enables, on the other hand, network operators to control the scattering, reflection, and refraction characteristics of the radio waves, by overcoming the negative effects of natural wireless propagation. Recent results have revealed that reconfigurable intelligent surfaces can effectively control the wavefront, e.g., the phase, amplitude, frequency, and even polarization, of the impinging signals without the need of complex decoding, encoding, and radio frequency processing operations. Motivated by the potential of this emerging technology, the present article is aimed to provide the readers with a detailed overview and historical perspective on state-of-the-art solutions, and to elaborate on the fundamental differences with other technologies, the most important open research issues to tackle, and the reasons why the use of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces necessitates to rethink the communication-theoretic models currently employed in wireless networks. This article also explores theoretical performance limits of reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted communication systems using mathematical techniques and elaborates on the potential use cases of intelligent surfaces in 6G and beyond wireless networks.
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Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces are designed to sense the wireless environment and apply customised transformations to radio waves adaptively.
“Latest works have defined and justified the conception of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, which are designed to sense the wireless environment and apply customised transformations to the radio waves in an adaptive manner [30], [70].”
From What should 6G be? (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
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Beamforming Optimization for Intelligent Reflecting Surface with Discrete Phase ShiftsPreprint
Wu, Q., & Zhang, R. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1810.10718 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationOver-the-Air Computation via Intelligent Reflecting SurfacesPreprint
Jiang, T., & Shi, Y. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1904.12475 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
IRS-Enhanced OFDM: Power Allocation and Passive Array OptimizationPreprint
Yang, Y., Zhang, S., & Zhang, R. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1905.00604 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationPassive Beamforming and Information Transfer via Large Intelligent SurfacePreprint
Yan, W., Kuai, X., & Yuan, X. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1905.01491 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Symbiotic Radio: A New Communication Paradigm for Passive Internet-of-ThingsPreprint
Long, R., Guo, H., Yang, G., et al. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1810.13068 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces for Free Space Optical CommunicationsPreprint
Najafi, M., & Schober, R. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1905.01094 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Jung, M., Saad, W., Jang, Y.-R., et al. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1810.05667 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
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- Dr. Basar received recognition for his research, including the Science Academy (Turkey) Young Scientists (BAGEP) Award, in 2018, the Mustafa Parlar Foundation Research Encouragement Award, in 2018, the Turkish Academy of Sciences Outstanding Young Scientist (TUBA-GEBIP) Award, in 2017, and the first-ever IEEE Turkey Research Encouragement Award, in 2017. He currently serves as an Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS and Physical Communication (Elsevier), and as an Asso- ciate Editor of the IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS. He served as an Associate Editor for IEEE ACCESS, from 2016 to 2018.
- MARCO DI RENZO (S'05-AM'07-M'09- SM'14) was born in L'Aquila, Italy, in 1978. He received the Laurea (cum laude) and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Uni- versity of L'Aquila, Italy, in 2003 and 2007, respectively, and the Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches (Doctor of Science) degree from Uni- versity Paris-Sud, France, in 2013. Since 2010, he has been with the Laboratory of Signals and Systems (L2S), Paris-Saclay University -CNRS, CentraleSupélec, University Paris Sud, Paris, France, where he is currently a CNRS Research Director (CNRS Professor). He serves as the Editor-in- Chief of the IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS, and as an Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, and the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS. He is a Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Vehicular Tech- nology Society and the IEEE Communications Society. He was a recipient of several awards, including the 2013 IEEE-COMSOC Best Young Researcher Award for Europe, Middle East, and Africa, the 2013 NoE-NEWCOM Best Paper Award, the 2014-2015 Royal Academy of Engineering Distinguished Visiting Fellowship, the 2015 IEEE Jack Neubauer Memorial Best System Paper Award, the 2015-2018 CNRS Award for Excellence in Research and Ph.D. Supervision, the 2016 MSCA Global Fellowship (declined), the 2017 SEE-IEEE Alain Glavieux Award, the 2018 IEEE-COMSOC Young Professional in Academia Award, and eight Best Paper Awards at IEEE conferences (2012 and 2014 IEEE CAMAD, 2013 IEEE VTC-Fall, 2014 IEEE ATC, 2015 IEEE ComManTel, 2017 IEEE SigTelCom, EAI 2018 INISCOM, and IEEE ICC 2019).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dang, S., Amin, O., Shihada, B., & Alouini, M.-S. (2020) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-019-0355-6 · Cited by 1,790 · see citing works
Self-citationToward Smart Wireless Communications via Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces: A Contemporary Survey
Gong, S., Lu, X., Hoang, D. T., Niyato, D., Shu, L., Kim, D. I., & Liang, Y.-C. (2020) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2020.3004197 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Shen, S., Clerckx, B., & Murch, R. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3103256 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Annu, & Rajalakshmi, P. (2024) · IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/ojvt.2024.3368240 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Yuan, X., Hu, S., Ni, W., Liu, R. P., & Wang, X. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2023.3238062 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Basar, E., Di Renzo, M., De Rosny, J., Debbah, M., Alouini, M.-S., & Zhang, R.
- Affiliations
- Université Paris-Saclay (FR)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (SA)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 116753-116773
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2968810373
- Cited by
- 3,394
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 357 · 2025: 489 · 2024: 542 · 2023: 576 · 2022: 575 · 2021: 541 · 2020: 300 · 2019: 14
- FWCI
- 128.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Collections portal (Koç University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Istanbul Technical University Academic Open Archive (Istanbul Technical University) (submittedVersion)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (117E869)
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA) GEBIP Programme
- Science Academy BAGEP Programme
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
- Keywords
- reconfigurable intelligent surface, 6G, wavefront control, performance bounds, open problems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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