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Terahertz Band: The Last Piece of RF Spectrum Puzzle for Communication Systems
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Ultra-high bandwidth, negligible latency and seamless communication are envisioned as milestones that will revolutionize the way by which societies create, distribute and consume information. The remarkable expansion of wireless data traffic has advocated the investigation of suitable regimes in the radio spectrum to satisfy users' escalating requirements and allow the exploitation of massive capacity and massive connectivity. To this end, the Terahertz (THz) frequency band (0.1-10 THz) has received noticeable attention in the research community as an ideal choice for scenarios involving high-speed transmission. As such, in this work, we present an up-to-date review paper to analyze key concepts associated with the THz system architecture. THz generation methods are first addressed by highlighting the recent progress in the devices technology. Moreover, the recently proposed channel models available for propagation at THz band frequencies are introduced. A comprehensive comparison is then presented between the THz wireless communication and its other contenders. In addition, several applications of THz communication are discussed taking into account various scales. Further, we highlight the milestones achieved regarding THz standardization activities. Finally, a future outlook is provided by presenting and envisaging several potential use cases and attempts to guide the deployment of the THz frequency band.
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“The THz band defined from 0.1 THz to 10 THz was known as a gap band between the microwave and optical spectra [76].”
From What should 6G be? (2020) · cites this paper as [76]
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“and standardization efforts have been launched [1].”
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“for applications involving high-speed transmissions [11]–”
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“beams are usually employed at the transceiver [3], [11], where 271”
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“DRIVEN by exponential progress of integration and advanced foundry processes in recent years, terahertz (THz) technologies [1], [2] have seen remarkable devel-”
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BackgroundLatency-Aware Offloading in Integrated Satellite Terrestrial Networks
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BackgroundSelf-citationCan Terahertz Provide High-Rate Reliable Low-Latency Communications for Wireless VR?
Chaccour, C., Soorki, M. N., Saad, W., Bennis, M., & Popovski, P. (2022) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3142674 · Cited by 58
Terahertz band: Lighting up next-generation wireless communications
Zhang, H., Zhang, L., & Yu, X. (2021) · China Communications · doi:10.23919/jcc.2021.05.010 · Cited by 59
“In terms of the visible light wave, the communication performance is also dramatically degraded owing to the influence of ambient light [4].”
BackgroundSingle- Versus Multicarrier Terahertz-Band Communications: A Comparative Study
Tarboush, S., Sarieddeen, H., Alouini, M., & Al-Naffouri, T. Y. (2022) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2022.3201038 · Cited by 58
“3−10THz, which promises to be an essential ingredient of future ultra-broadband wireless communications [2], [3].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRole of Wireless Communication in Healthcare System to Cater Disaster Situations Under 6G Vision
Janjua, M. B., Duranay, A. E., & Arslan, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Communications and Networks · doi:10.3389/frcmn.2020.610879 · Cited by 57
Evolution of wireless communication networks: from 1G to 6G and future perspective
Solyman, A., & Yahya, K. A. (2022) · International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems/International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.11591/ijece.v12i4.pp3943-3950 · Cited by 57
Topological integrated circuits for 5G and 6G
Kumar, A., Gupta, M., & Singh, R. (2022) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-022-00775-1 · Cited by 57
Emerging memory electronics for non-volatile radiofrequency switching technologies
Kim, D., Yang, S. J., Wainstein, N., Skrzypczak, S., Ducournau, G., Pallecchi, E., Happy, H., Yalon, E., Kim, M., & Akinwande, D. (2024) · Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44287-023-00001-w · Cited by 54
Body-Centric Terahertz Networks: Prospects and Challenges
Saeed, N., Loukil, M. H., Sarieddeen, H., Al-Naffouri, T. Y., & Alouini, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Molecular Biological and Multi-Scale Communications · doi:10.1109/tmbmc.2021.3135198 · Cited by 59
“Therefore, THz-related research has attracted significant funding and standardization efforts are already underway [23]– [25].”
BackgroundSelf-citationShi, J., Li, Z., Jia, J., Li, Z., Shen, C., Zhang, J., & Chi, N. (2023) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2023.3236400 · Cited by 53
“MMIC technology can assimilate several tiny transistors into a small chip to achieve a smaller and less expensive electronic component [4].”
BackgroundMethodBandyopadhyay, A., & Sengupta, A. (2021) · IETE Technical Review · doi:10.1080/02564602.2020.1865844 · Cited by 53
“Simultaneously, these characteristics also make this band highly suitable as a high-data-rate information carrier in strategic communication [2,3].”
BackgroundPerformance of Dual-Hop Relaying for THz-RF Wireless Link Over Asymmetrical $\alpha$-$\mu$ Fading
Bhardwaj, P., & Zafaruddin, S. M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3098576 · Cited by 51
Yi, C., Kim, D., Solanki, S., Kwon, J., Kim, M., Jeon, S., Ko, Y., & Lee, I. (2021) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2021.3071849 · Cited by 51
“In contrast, THz communication allows the non-LoS propagation which can be exploited in the absence of LoS links [13].”
BackgroundB5G and 6G: Next Generation Wireless Communications Technologies, Demand and Challenges
Kadir, E. A., Shubair, R. M., Rahim, S. K. A., Himdi, M., Kamarudin, M. R., & Rosa, S. L. (2021) · International Congress of Advanced Technology and Engineering (ICOTEN) · doi:10.1109/icoten52080.2021.9493470 · Cited by 49
Self-citationZhou, H., Su, X., Minoofar, A., Zhang, R., Zou, K., Song, H. R., Pang, K., Song, H., Hu, N., Zhao, Z., et al. (2022) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.459720 · Cited by 49
Terahertz Meets AI: The State of the Art
Farhad, A., & Pyun, J.-Y. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23115034 · Cited by 52
“[12] THz channel models Extensively presented the progress on THz device development and propagation model.”
BackgroundInfluentialNear-Space Communications: The Last Piece of 6G Space–Air–Ground–Sea Integrated Network Puzzle
Liu, H., Qin, T., Gao, Z., Mao, T., Ying, K., Wan, Z., Li, Q., Na, R., Li, Z., Hu, C., et al. (2024) · Space Science & Technology · doi:10.34133/space.0176 · Cited by 47
Channel Estimation and Equalization for Terahertz Receiver With RF Impairments
Sha, Z., & Wang, Z. (2021) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2021.3071824 · Cited by 46
“Especially, for the low-cost devices in THz communications [3] which suffer more severe RF impairments, the well-designed channel estimation and equalization techniques could provide an efficient way of Rx signal processing to mitigate the severe RF impairments.”
BackgroundExploring the key technologies and applications of 6G wireless communication network
Li, P.-F., Fan, J.-X., & Wu, J.-H. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112281 · Cited by 59
Micromachined Subterahertz Waveguide-Integrated Phase Shifter Utilizing Supermode Propagation
Zhao, X., Shah, U., Glubokov, O., & Oberhammer, J. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2021.3076079 · Cited by 43
Wekalao, J. (2025) · Plasmonics · doi:10.1007/s11468-025-02833-8 · Cited by 42
“The characteristic molecular vibrations and rotational modes of biological specimens in the terahertz range provide unique spectral fingerprints that can be exploited for detection purposes[13].”
Almessiere, M. A., Slimani, Y., BAYKAL, A., Güngüneş, H., Çalışkan, S., Vakhitov, M. G., Klygach, D. S., Zubar, T. I., Trukhanov, S. V., Trukhanov, A. V., et al. (2023) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.172197 · Cited by 41
Terahertz MIMO antenna array for future generation of wireless applications
Pant, R., & Malviya, L. (2024) · Frequenz · doi:10.1515/freq-2023-0203 · Cited by 40
Mobile near-field terahertz communications for 6G and 7G networks: Research challenges
Петров, В. И., Bodet, D. M., & Singh, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Communications and Networks · doi:10.3389/frcmn.2023.1151324 · Cited by 39
“, 2019), using the THz band for communications was not widely explored until the 21st century (Elayan et al., 2020; Akyildiz et al., 2022).”
BackgroundXu, G., & Skorobogatiy, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-022-00879-x · Cited by 41
“The THz communications have grasped worldwide enthusiasm since the concept of ultra-broadband THz communications based on the non-line-ofsight propagation was first demonstrated for multi-gigabit data rate transmission [7, 8].”
BackgroundJoint Visibility Region Detection and Channel Estimation for XL-MIMO Systems via Alternating MAP
Xu, W., Liu, A., Zhao, M., & Caire, G. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tsp.2024.3479319 · Cited by 39
“Meanwhile, for extremely high-frequency communications, such as millimeter-wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) communications, the size of high-frequency antennas is small due to the small wavelength [3].”
BackgroundCooperative SWIPT THz-NOMA/6G Performance Analysis
Oleiwi, H. W., & Al-Raweshidy, H. S. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11060873 · Cited by 38
“Terahertz (THz) communication [12] is a cornerstone that will play a pivotal role in the next generations.”
BackgroundMahbub, M., & Shubair, R. M. (2023) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2023.103726 · Cited by 42
Self-citationTerahertz Wireless Communications With Flexible Index Modulation Aided Pilot Design
Mao, T., & Wang, Z. (2021) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2021.3071841 · Cited by 37
“Furthermore, THz waves are also considered for joint radar and communication (JRC) systems due to its desirable resolution and highly directional beams [1].”
BackgroundSaqib, N. U., Hou, S., Chae, S. H., & Jeon, S.-W. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3387449 · Cited by 36
“To accommodate these data demands in 6G systems, terahertz (THz) communication technologies have been actively developed due to the advantage of being able to exploit a wide frequency band [7], [8], [9].”
BackgroundSurvey on Terahertz Nanocommunication and Networking: A Top-Down Perspective
Lemić, F., Abadal, S., Tavernier, W., Stroobant, P., Colle, D., Alarcón, E., Márquez-Barja, J. M., & Famaey, J. (2021) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2021.3071837 · Cited by 37
“and large bandwidth of the THz frequency band [116].”
BackgroundOn Outage Performance of Terahertz Wireless Communication Systems
Ye, J., Dang, S., Ma, G., Amin, O., Shihada, B., & Alouini, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2021.3123364 · Cited by 36
Self-citationMahmood, A., Kiah, M. L. M., Azizul, Z. H., & Azzuhri, S. R. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3362966 · Cited by 35
When Holographic Communication Meets Metaverse: Applications, Challenges, and Future Trends
Shvetsov, A. V., & Alsamhi, S. H. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3514576 · Cited by 37
“THz communications have the potential to provide holographic communication with Tbps-level data rate as they have a higher frequency and a greater bandwidth than mmWave in 5G [154].”
Near-Field Wideband Beam Training Based on Distance-Dependent Beam Split
Zheng, T., Cui, M., Wu, Z., & Dai, L. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3507795 · Cited by 34
“Due to the significant path loss experienced by scattered signals, millimeter-wave communications heavily rely on the LoS path [28], which is our primary focus : where k m = 2 πf m /c denotes the wavenumber at m -th subcarrier and the path gain of the LoS path is modeled as [29] Therefore, we can…”
High capacity terahertz communication systems based on multiple orbital-angular-momentum beams
Willner, A. E., Su, X., Zhou, H., Minoofar, A., Zhao, Z., Zhang, R., Tur, M., Molisch, A. F., Lee, D., & Almaiman, A. (2022) · Journal of Optics · doi:10.1088/2040-8986/ac9c16 · Cited by 34
“1–1 THz have attracted increasing attention and have been demonstrated using Gaussian beams [17, 20, 24, 25, 29, 39].”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Zhang, H., & Long, K. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3056127 · Cited by 33
“The available bandwidth of THz band communication is 3–4 orders of magnitude over the traditional wireless communication band, which provides a solution for spectrum scarcity and capacity limitation of current wireless systems [10]–[12].”
Spin-Torque-Driven Terahertz Auto-Oscillations in Noncollinear Coplanar Antiferromagnets
Shukla, A., & Rakheja, S. (2022) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.17.034037 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- Elayan, H., Amin, O., Shihada, B., Shubair, R. M., & Alouini, M.-S.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (SA)
- New York University Abu Dhabi (AE)
- Venue
- IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 1
- Pages
- 1-32
- ISSN
- 2644-125X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2960699897
- Cited by
- 535
- References
- 262
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 31
- FWCI
- 19.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Terahertz technology and applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Photonic Communication Systems
- Keywords
- terahertz communication, massive connectivity
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