The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Towards Reading Hidden Emotions: A Comparative Study of Spontaneous Micro-Expression Spotting and Recognition Methods
Open accessAbstract
Micro-expressions (MEs) are rapid, involuntary facial expressions which reveal emotions that people do not intend to show. Studying MEs is valuable as recognizing them has many important applications, particularly in forensic science and psychotherapy. However, analyzing spontaneous MEs is very challenging due to their short duration and low intensity. Automatic ME analysis includes two tasks: ME spotting and ME recognition. For ME spotting, previous studies have focused on posed rather than spontaneous videos. For ME recognition, the performance of previous studies is low. To address these challenges, we make the following contributions: (i) We propose the first method for spotting spontaneous MEs in long videos (by exploiting feature difference contrast). This method is training free and works on arbitrary unseen videos. (ii) We present an advanced ME recognition framework, which outperforms previous work by a large margin on two challenging spontaneous ME databases (SMIC and CASMEII). (iii) We propose the first automatic ME analysis system (MESR), which can spot and recognize MEs from spontaneous video data. Finally, we show our method outperforms humans in the ME recognition task by a large margin, and achieves comparable performance to humans at the very challenging task of spotting and then recognizing spontaneous MEs.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines
Chang, C.-C., & Lin, C.-J. (2011) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/1961189.1961199 · Cited by 40,918
Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection
Dalal, N., & Triggs, B. (2005) · 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2005.177 · Cited by 33,584
Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns
Ojala, T., Pietikainen, M., & Maenpaa, T. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2002.1017623 · Cited by 15,398
Self-citationPicard, R. W. (1997) · MIT Press · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1140.001.0001 · Cited by 7,382
Active Shape Models-Their Training and Application
Cootes, T. F., Taylor, C. J., Cooper, D. H., & Graham, J. (1995) · Computer Vision and Image Understanding · doi:10.1006/cviu.1995.1004 · Cited by 7,190
Face Description with Local Binary Patterns: Application to Face Recognition
Ahonen, T., Hadid, A., & Pietikainen, M. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2006.244 · Cited by 5,584
Self-citationDynamic Texture Recognition Using Local Binary Patterns with an Application to Facial Expressions
Zhao, G., & Pietikainen, M. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2007.1110 · Cited by 2,846
Self-citationA Survey of Affect Recognition Methods: Audio, Visual, and Spontaneous Expressions
Zeng, Z., Pantic, M., Roisman, G. I., & Huang, T. S. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2008.52 · Cited by 2,797
Comprehensive database for facial expression analysis
Kanade, T., Cohn, J. F., & Tian, Y. (2002) · Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (Cat. No. PR00580) · doi:10.1109/afgr.2000.840611 · Cited by 2,591
Emotion elicitation using films
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1995) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939508408966 · Cited by 2,179
Cited by
Shallow Triple Stream Three-dimensional CNN (STSTNet) for Micro-expression Recognition
Liong, S.-T., Gan, Y. S., See, J., Khor, H.-Q., & Huang, Y.-C. (2019) · 2019 14th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2019) · doi:10.1109/fg.2019.8756567 · Cited by 253
Multimodal data to design visual learning analytics for understanding regulation of learning
Noroozi, O., Alikhani, I., Järvelä, S., Kirschner, P. A., Juuso, I., & Seppänen, T. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.019 · Cited by 140
15 challenges for AI: Or what AI (currently) can’t do
Hagendorff, T., & Wezel, K. (2020) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-019-00886-y · Cited by 113
Recognizing Facial Expressions Using a Shallow Convolutional Neural Network
Miao, S., Xu, H., Han, Z., & Zhu, Y. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2921220 · Cited by 110
Metadata
- Authors
- Li, X., Hong, X., Moilanen, A., Huang, X., Pfister, T., Zhao, G., & Pietikainen, M.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing
- Published
- 2018-10-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 563-577
- ISSN
- 1949-3045 (ISSN-L)
- 2371-9850
- OpenAlex
- W2587585332
- Cited by
- 323
- References
- 49
- FWCI
- 28.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Towards Reading Hidden Emotions: A Comparative Study of Spontaneous Micro-Expression Spotting and Recognition Methods. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/taffc.2017.2667642
- The paper
- Li, X., Hong, X., Moilanen, A., Huang, X., Pfister, T., Zhao, G., & Pietikainen, M. (2018). Towards Reading Hidden Emotions: A Comparative Study of Spontaneous Micro-Expression Spotting and Recognition Methods. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing. https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2017.2667642
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.