Emotion elicitation using films
Abstract
Researchers interested in emotion have long struggled with the problem of how to elicit emotional responses in the laboratory. In this article, we summarise five years of work to develop a set of films that reliably elicit each of eight emotional states (amusement, anger, contentment, disgust, fear, neutral, sadness, and surprise). After evaluating over 250 films, we showed selected film clips to an ethnically diverse sample of 494 English-speaking subjects. We then chose the two best films for each of the eight target emotions based on the intensity and discreteness of subjects' responses to each film. We found that our set of 16 films successfully elicited amusement, anger, contentment. disgust, sadness, surprise, a relatively neutral state, and, to a lesser extent, fear. We compare this set of films with another set recently described by Philippot (1993), and indicate that detailed instructions for creating our set of film stimuli will be provided on request.
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Films usually have a high degree of ecological validity.
“On the other hand, films usually have a high degree of ecological validity25.”
From A Multimodal Dataset for Mixed Emotion Recognition (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
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Ayala, E. S., Meuret, A. E., & Ritz, T. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.02.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Cognition & Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1995-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 87-108
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- OpenAlex
- W2168031754
- Cited by
- 2,179
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 128 · 2019: 128 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 131 · 2013: 130 · 2012: 98
- FWCI
- 12.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
- Keywords
- emotion induction, basic emotions, emotional state, amusements, anger, contentment, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, stimulus selection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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