Cited by 2,179Emotion and Mood RecognitionEmotions and Moral BehaviorAesthetic Perception and Analysis

Emotion elicitation using films

Gross, James J., Levenson, Robert W.·1995·Cognition & Emotion

Abstract

Researchers interested in emotion have long struggled with the problem of how to elicit emotional responses in the laboratory. In this article, we summarise five years of work to develop a set of films that reliably elicit each of eight emotional states (amusement, anger, contentment, disgust, fear, neutral, sadness, and surprise). After evaluating over 250 films, we showed selected film clips to an ethnically diverse sample of 494 English-speaking subjects. We then chose the two best films for each of the eight target emotions based on the intensity and discreteness of subjects' responses to each film. We found that our set of 16 films successfully elicited amusement, anger, contentment. disgust, sadness, surprise, a relatively neutral state, and, to a lesser extent, fear. We compare this set of films with another set recently described by Philippot (1993), and indicate that detailed instructions for creating our set of film stimuli will be provided on request.

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Crossref · 10.1080/02699939508408966

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8 of 8 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Films usually have a high degree of ecological validity.

    “On the other hand, films usually have a high degree of ecological validity25.”

    From A Multimodal Dataset for Mixed Emotion Recognition (2024) · cites this paper as [25]

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Authors
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W.
Affiliations
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Venue
Cognition & Emotion
Published
1995-01
Volume
9
Issue
1
Pages
87-108
ISSN
  • 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
  • 1464-0600
OpenAlex
W2168031754
Cited by
2,179
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 64 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 128 · 2019: 128 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 131 · 2013: 130 · 2012: 98
FWCI
12.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
Keywords
emotion induction, basic emotions, emotional state, amusements, anger, contentment, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, stimulus selection

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