The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A 10-Gb/s −18.8 dBm Sensitivity 5.7 mW Fully-Integrated Optoelectronic Receiver With Avalanche Photodetector in 0.13-$\mu$ m CMOS
Abstract
Avalanche photodetectors (APDs) improve the sensitivity of optoelectronic (O/E) receivers (RXs) due to their high multiplication gain and responsivity. When implemented monolithically with a CMOS transimpedance amplifier (TIA) on the same chip, they provide further advantages, such as low cost and reduced parasitics. However, APDs require high bias voltages, are sensitive to variations in operating conditions, and have a limited gain-bandwidth product. This paper presents an 850 nm APD implemented in a standard 0.13-μm CMOS process with a responsivity of 3.92 A/W and a large-signal -3 dB bandwidth of 3.5 GHz. Advantages of on-chip integration with a TIA are described and a noise-canceling active balun following the single-ended TIA is presented. The O/E-RXs front-end achieves a measured sensitivity of -18.8 dBm, the best-reported among 10 Gb/s linear CMOS TIAs operating at 850 nm. The energy/bit is 0.57 pJ/b. An on-chip voltage booster is described and implemented to generate a large APD bias using nominal CMOS voltage supplies. A modified hill-climbing algorithm is also presented that can enable bias stabilization for the voltage booster and the optoelectronic front-end for a complete all-bulk-CMOS implementation.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
APDs also need to be biased optimally and stabilized for temperature and voltage drift, but that is less challenging than what has already been demonstrated for microring circuits.
“APDs also need to be biased optimally and stabilized for temperature and voltage drift, but that is less challenging117 than what has already been demonstrated for microring circuits50.”
From Roadmapping the next generation of silicon photonics (2024) · cites this paper as [117]
Although relatively easier to achieve in Si APDs at 850 nm, simultaneous (at the same bias voltage) optimization of gain-BW-noise has remained challenging for low-voltage Si/Ge APDs or Si resonant APDs in C/L/O bands.
“Although relatively easier to achieve in Si APDs at 850 nm117, simultaneous (at the same bias voltage) optimization of gain-BW-noise has remained challenging for low-voltage Si/Ge APDs118 or Si resonant APDs119,120 in C/L/O bands.”
From Roadmapping the next generation of silicon photonics (2024) · cites this paper as [117]
Citations
Cites
Fiber‐Optic Communication Systems
Agrawal, G. P. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119737391 · Cited by 3,295
Fiber‐Optic Communication Systems
Agrawal, G. P. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471221147 · Cited by 2,296
Dickson, J. F. (1976) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.1976.1050739 · Cited by 1,692
Wide-Band CMOS Low-Noise Amplifier Exploiting Thermal Noise Canceling
Bruccoleri, F., Klumperink, E. A. M., & Nauta, B. (2004) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2003.821786 · Cited by 759
Broadband Circuits for Optical Fiber Communication
Säckinger, E. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471726400 · Cited by 471
Bandwidth Extension Techniques for CMOS Amplifiers
Shekhar, S., Walling, J. S., & Allstot, D. J. (2006) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2006.883336 · Cited by 380
Self-citationGe-Photodetectors for Si-Based Optoelectronic Integration
Wang, J., & Lee, S. (2011) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s110100696 · Cited by 246
An accurate and efficient analysis method for multi-Gb/s chip-to-chip signaling schemes
Casper, B. K., Haycock, M., & Mooney, R. (2003) · Symposium on VLSI Circuits · doi:10.1109/vlsic.2002.1015043 · Cited by 241
A 3-GHz 32-dB CMOS limiting amplifier for SONET OC-48 receivers
Säckinger, E., & Fischer, W. C. (2000) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/4.890301 · Cited by 207
Feedback control for microring weight banks
Tait, A. N., Jayatilleka, H., De Lima, T. F., Ma, P. Y., Nahmias, M. A., Shastri, B. J., Shekhar, S., Chrostowski, L., & Prucnal, P. R. (2018) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.26.026422 · Cited by 138
Self-citation310 GHz gain-bandwidth product Ge/Si avalanche photodetector for 1550 nm light detection
Duan, N., Liow, T.-Y., Lim, A. E.-J., Ding, L., & Lo, G. Q. (2012) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.20.011031 · Cited by 106
10-Gbps, 5.3-mW Optical Transmitter and Receiver Circuits in 40-nm CMOS
Liu, F. Y., Patil, D. D., Lexau, J. K., Amberg, P., Dayringer, M., Gainsley, J., Moghadam, H. F., Zheng, X., Cunningham, J. E., Krishnamoorthy, A. V., et al. (2012) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2012.2197234 · Cited by 99
Techno-Economic Comparison of Silicon Photonics and Multimode VCSELs
Mahgerefteh, D., Thompson, C., Cole, C., Denoyer, G., Nguyen, T., Lyubomirsky, I., Kocot, C., & Tatum, J. (2015) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2015.2483587 · Cited by 85
Zaoui, W. S., Chen, H., Bowers, J. E., Kang, Y., Morse, M. M., Paniccia, M. J., Pauchard, A., & Campbell, J. C. (2009) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.17.012641 · Cited by 79
Chen, H. T., Verbist, J., Verheyen, P., Heyn, P. D., Lepage, G., Coster, J. D., Absil, P. P., Yin, X. L., Bauwelinck, J., Campenhout, J. V., et al. (2015) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.23.000815 · Cited by 75
Lee, M.-J., & Choi, W. (2010) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.18.024189 · Cited by 72
High-Speed Optical Receivers With Integrated Photodiode in 130 nm CMOS
Tavernier, F., & Steyaert, M. S. J. (2009) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2009.2028755 · Cited by 70
Lee, M.-J., Rücker, H., & Choi, W. (2011) · IEEE Electron Device Letters · doi:10.1109/led.2011.2172390 · Cited by 67
A 4–32 Gb/s Bidirectional Link With 3-Tap FFE/6-Tap DFE and Collaborative CDR in 22 nm CMOS
Musah, T., Jaussi, J. E., Balamurugan, G., Hyvonen, S., Hsueh, T.-C., Keskin, G., Shekhar, S., Kennedy, J. T., Sen, S., Inti, R., et al. (2014) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2014.2348556 · Cited by 59
Self-citationIkagawa, T., Kataoka, J., Yatsu, Y., Kawai, N., Mori, K., Kamae, T., Hiroyasu Tajima, C., Mizuno, T., Fukazawa, Y., Ishikawa, Y., et al. (2003) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment · doi:10.1016/j.nima.2003.07.024 · Cited by 55
A 5-Gbit/s CMOS Optical Receiver With Integrated Spatially Modulated Light Detector and Equalization
Kao, T. S.-C., Musa, F. A. S., & Carusone, A. C. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2010.2050231 · Cited by 47
A Single-Chip CMOS-Based Parallel Optical Transceiver Capable of 240-Gb/s Bidirectional Data Rates
Schow, C. L., Doany, F. E., Baks, C. W., Kwark, Y. H., Kuchta, D. M., & Kash, J. A. (2009) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2008.927759 · Cited by 47
Silicon-Photonics Microring Links for Datacenters—Challenges and Opportunities
Ahmed, A. H., Sharkia, A., Casper, B. K., Mirabbasi, S., & Shekhar, S. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2016.2582345 · Cited by 44
Self-citationA 36-V 49% Efficient Hybrid Charge Pump in Nanometer-Scale Bulk CMOS Technology
Ismail, Y., Lee, H., Pamarti, S., & Yang, C.-K. K. (2017) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2016.2636876 · Cited by 42
Wideband CMOS Amplifier Design: Time-Domain Considerations
Walling, J. S., Shekhar, S., & Allstot, D. J. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2008.926977 · Cited by 38
Self-citationChen, Y., Mak, P., Yu, H., Boon, C. C., & Martins, R. P. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2017.2720600 · Cited by 37
An 18-Gb/s Fully Integrated Optical Receiver With Adaptive Cascaded Equalizer
Pan, Q., Wang, Y., Lü, Y., & Yue, C. P. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2016.2574567 · Cited by 36
Long-wavelength In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As metamorphic p-i-n photodiodes on GaAs substrates
Jang, J., Cueva, G., Dumka, D. C., Hoke, W. E., Lemonias, P. J., & Adesida, I. (2001) · IEEE Photonics Technology Letters · doi:10.1109/68.910518 · Cited by 34
High-Speed CMOS Integrated Optical Receiver With an Avalanche Photodetector
Youn, J., Kang, H.-S., Lee, M.-J., Park, K.-Y., & Choi, W. (2009) · IEEE Photonics Technology Letters · doi:10.1109/lpt.2009.2029869 · Cited by 31
A High-Speed CMOS Integrated Optical Receiver With an Under-Damped TIA
Jung, H.-Y., Lee, J., & Choi, W. (2015) · IEEE Photonics Technology Letters · doi:10.1109/lpt.2015.2421501 · Cited by 27
An active gain-control system for Avalanche photo-diodes under moderate temperature variations
Kataoka, J., Sato, R., Ikagawa, T., Kotoku, J., Kuramoto, Y., Tsubuku, Y., Saito, T., Yatsu, Y., Kawai, N., Ishikawa, Y., et al. (2006) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment · doi:10.1016/j.nima.2006.03.033 · Cited by 24
1V, 10mW, 10Gb/s CMOS optical receiver front-end
Guckenberger, D., Schaub, J. D., Kucharski, D., & Kornegay, K. (2005) · Digest of papers - IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium · doi:10.1109/rfic.2005.1489794 · Cited by 22
A monolithic GaAs receiver for optical interconnect systems
Choi, J., Sheu, B. J., & Chen, O. T.-C. (1994) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/4.278357 · Cited by 20
Design considerations for low-power receiver front-end in high-speed data links
Shekhar, S., Jaussi, J. E., O’Mahony, F., Mansuri, M., & Casper, B. K. (2013) · Custom Integrated Circuits Conference · doi:10.1109/cicc.2013.6658406 · Cited by 16
Self-citationFully-integrated passive threshold-compensated PMOS rectifier for RF energy harvesting
Hameed, Z., & Moez, K. K. (2013) · IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) · doi:10.1109/mwscas.2013.6674602 · Cited by 15
Monolithic integration of 5-Gb/s optical receiver block for short distance communication
Takano, C., Tanaka, K., Okubora, A., & Kasahara, J. (1992) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/4.156448 · Cited by 14
High-gain high-sensitivity resonant Ge/Si APD photodetectors
Bowers, J. E., Daoxin Dai, A., Kang, Y., & Morse, M. M. (2010) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.855030 · Cited by 12
Miniature gain and bias control circuit for avalanche photodiodes
O'Connell, D., Morrison, A. P., McCarthy, K. G., Angove, P., & O’Flynn, B. (2007) · Electronics Letters · doi:10.1049/el:20073916 · Cited by 5
Temperature compensation schemes for APD detectors in PET
Zhang, N., Camp, J., & Schmand, M. J. (2011) · IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC) · doi:10.1109/nssmic.2011.6152536 · Cited by 4
Garcia, M. A. P., Rodriguez, J. C. C., Barragan, N. A., & Alvarez, J. C. (2003) · Conference proceedings - IEEE Instrumentation/Measurement Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/imtc.2002.1007222 · Cited by 3
Control circuits for avalanche photodiodes
Deng, S. (2013) · Cork Open Research Archive (University College Cork, Ireland) · Cited by 3
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 44 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- guckenberger, 2005, 1 V, 10 mW, 10 Gb/s CMOS optical receiver front-end, IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symp Dig Papers, 309
- morita, 2014, A $12\times5$ two-dimensional optical I/O array for 600 Gb/schipto-chip interconnect in 65 nm CMOS, IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers, 140
- hamamatsu-photonics, 2011, Si APD
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Roadmapping the next generation of silicon photonics
Shekhar, S., Bogaerts, W., Chrostowski, L., Bowers, J. E., Hochberg, M., Soref, R., & Shastri, B. J. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44750-0 · Cited by 878
Self-citationScaling up silicon photonic-based accelerators: Challenges and opportunities
Al-Qadasi, M. A., Chrostowski, L., Shastri, B. J., & Shekhar, S. (2022) · APL Photonics · doi:10.1063/5.0070992 · Cited by 94
Self-citationA Differential Push-Pull Voltage Mode VCSEL Driver in 65-nm CMOS
Ramani, A. S., Nayak, S., & Shekhar, S. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2019.2927541 · Cited by 21
Self-citationDesign Considerations for Energy Efficient DWDM PAM4 Transceivers Employing Avalanche Photodiodes
Kumar, A., Huang, Z., Zeng, X., Wang, B., Liang, D., Sorin, W. V., Marco Fiorentino, B., Beausoleil, R. G., & Palermo, S. M. (2020) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.202000142 · Cited by 20
A 45 nm CMOS Avalanche Photodiode with 8.4-GHz Bandwidth
Zhi, W., Quan, Q., Yu, P., & Jiang, Y. (2020) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi11010065 · Cited by 17
1310/1550 nm Optical Receivers With Schottky Photodiode in Bulk CMOS
Diels, W., Steyaert, M. S. J., & Tavernier, F. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2020.2991517 · Cited by 15
Optically Synchronized Phased Arrays in CMOS
Gal-Katziri, M., Ives, C., Khakpour, A., & Hajimiri, A. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2021.3136787 · Cited by 13
Area and Bandwidth Enhancement of an n+/p-Well Dot Avalanche Photodiode in 0.35 μm CMOS Technology
Poushi, S. S. K., Goll, B., Schneider-Hornstein, K., Hofbauer, M., & Zimmermann, H. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23073403 · Cited by 10
A 20 Gb/s CMOS Single-Chip 850 nm Optical Receiver
Yang, S.-J., Lee, J.-H., Lee, M.-J., & Choi, W. (2024) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2024.3374707 · Cited by 5
CMOS Integrated 32 A/W and 1.6 GHz Avalanche Photodiode Based on Electric Field-Line Crowding
Poushi, S. S. K., Goll, B., Schneider-Hornstein, K., Hofbauer, M., & Zimmermann, H. (2022) · IEEE Photonics Technology Letters · doi:10.1109/lpt.2022.3195191 · Cited by 5
APD direct detection receiver OEIC operating 14.1 dB above the shot noise quantum limit
Laube, S. M., Gasser, C., Schneider-Hornstein, K., & Zimmermann, H. (2025) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.577195 · Cited by 4
Kawahara, K., Umeda, Y., Takano, K., & Hara, S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2023.3257089 · Cited by 4
High-uniformity and high-performance waveguide Ge photodetectors for the O and C bands
Li, X., Xu, Q., Ruogu, S., Wang, J., Wang, S., Yue, W., Wang, W., Cai, Y., & Yu, M. (2024) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.518425 · Cited by 3
Zhou, W., Tarof, L. E., & Amaya, R. E. (2024) · IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters · doi:10.1109/lssc.2024.3511582 · Cited by 3
A Near-Infrared Enhanced Field-Line Crowding Based CMOS-Integrated Avalanche Photodiode
Poushi, S. S. K., Gasser, C., Goll, B., Hofbauer, M., Schneider-Hornstein, K., & Zimmermann, H. (2023) · IEEE photonics journal · doi:10.1109/jphot.2023.3280251 · Cited by 3
A Wide-Dynamic-Range Optical Receiver Using an Input Overload Compensation Circuit
Lim, C., Park, J.-Y., Lee, J., Park, M. S., & Yun, T. (2023) · IEEE Photonics Technology Letters · doi:10.1109/lpt.2023.3334731 · Cited by 1
25-Gb/s 850-nm Monolithic Optical Receiver With a Si APD Bias Controller Using Histogram Monitoring
Lee, J.-H., Yang, S.-J., Lee, M.-J., & Choi, W. (2026) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2026.3654962 · Cited by 1
A novel 2.5 Gbps pre-transimpedance amplifier with the gain adaptively adjusted
Yu, J., Yin, L., & Dong, C. (2021) · Modern Physics Letters B · doi:10.1142/s0217984921400030
Al-Qadasi, M., Chrostowski, L., Shastri, B. J., & Shekhar, S. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Self-citationZhan, D., Zhong, L., Zhou, W., Yao, Z., Luo, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Zhou, D., & Pan, Q. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits, Technologies and Applications (ICTA) · doi:10.1109/icta60488.2023.10364296
Kolosov, G. A., Shorokhov, A. S., & Fedyanin, A. A. (2024) · Письма в Журнал экспериментальной и теоретической физики · doi:10.31857/s0370274x24120227
Yu, P., Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Sun, J., & Deng, T. (2026) · ACS Photonics · doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.5c02736
Low-noise, high-gain 2 × 128 linear-mode silicon avalanche photodiode array for LiDAR applications
Song, C., Wang, T., Cao, P., Wei, J., Peng, H., & Zheng, W. (2026) · Chinese Optics Letters · doi:10.3788/col202624.042202
Metadata
- Authors
- Nayak, S., Ahmed, A. H., Sharkia, A., Ramani, A. S., Mirabbasi, S., & Shekhar, S.
- Affiliations
- Semtech (Canada) (CA)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers
- Published
- 2019-08
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 3162-3173
- ISSN
- 1549-8328 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-0806
- OpenAlex
- W2944562250
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Intel Corporation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Photonic Communication Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices
- Keywords
- optoelectronic receiver, avalanche photodetectors, transimpedance amplifier, CMOS integration, 10 Gb/s, receiver sensitivity, active balun, noise cancellation, hill climbing algorithm, energy efficiency, gain-bandwidth product
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
