Hierarchical Control of Droop-Controlled AC and DC Microgrids—A General Approach Toward Standardization
Abstract
AC and dc microgrids (MGs) are key elements for integrating renewable and distributed energy resources as well as distributed energy-storage systems. In the last several years, efforts toward the standardization of these MGs have been made. In this sense, this paper presents the hierarchical control derived from ISA-95 and electrical dispatching standards to endow smartness and flexibility to MGs. The hierarchical control proposed consists of three levels: 1) The primary control is based on the droop method, including an output-impedance virtual loop; 2) the secondary control allows the restoration of the deviations produced by the primary control; and 3) the tertiary control manages the power flow between the MG and the external electrical distribution system. Results from a hierarchical-controlled MG are provided to show the feasibility of the proposed approach.
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Control decisions can be distributed in several layers resulting in a hierarchical control structure (HCS).
“Taking into account the various control tasks and complexity of the operation, control decisions can be distributed in several layers resulting in a hierarchical control structure (HCS) [80].”
From Space Microgrids for Future Manned Lunar Bases: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [80]
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Space Microgrids for Future Manned Lunar Bases: A Review
Saha, D., Bazmohammadi, N., Raya-Armenta, J. M., Bintoudi, A. D., Lashab, A., Vasquez, J. C., & Guerrero, J. M. (2021) · IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy · doi:10.1109/oajpe.2021.3116674 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationPower and Energy Management System of a Lunar Microgrid—Part I: Modeling Power Demand of ISRU
Saha, D., Bazmohammadi, N., Lashab, A., Vasquez, J. C., & Guerrero, J. M. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2023.3336849 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Guerrero, J. M., Vasquez, J. C., Matas, J., de Vicuna, L. G., & Castilla, M.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (ES)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 158-172
- ISSN
- 0278-0046 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9948
- OpenAlex
- W1504052325
- Cited by
- 5,075
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 281 · 2025: 304 · 2024: 301 · 2023: 360 · 2022: 376 · 2021: 404 · 2020: 451 · 2019: 468 · 2018: 442 · 2017: 432 · 2016: 373 · 2015: 312 · 2014: 254 · 2013: 139 · 2012: 115
- FWCI
- 167.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Microgrid Control and Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Frequency Control in Power Systems
- Keywords
- hierarchical control, droop control, AC microgrids, DC microgrid, primary control, secondary control, tertiary control, distributed energy resources, energy storage systems, power flow control
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