The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Informed Machine Learning - A Taxonomy and Survey of Integrating Prior Knowledge into Learning Systems
Open accessAbstract
Despite its great success, machine learning can have its limits when dealing with insufficient training data. A potential solution is the additional integration of prior knowledge into the training process which leads to the notion of informed machine learning. In this paper, we present a structured overview of various approaches in this field. We provide a definition and propose a concept for informed machine learning which illustrates its building blocks and distinguishes it from conventional machine learning. We introduce a taxonomy that serves as a classification framework for informed machine learning approaches. It considers the source of knowledge, its representation, and its integration into the machine learning pipeline. Based on this taxonomy, we survey related research and describe how different knowledge representations such as algebraic equations, logic rules, or simulation results can be used in learning systems. This evaluation of numerous papers on the basis of our taxonomy uncovers key methods in the field of informed machine learning.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks
Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E. (2017) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3065386 · Cited by 112,155
BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding
Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2018) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1810.04805 · Cited by 73,173
BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding
Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/n19-1423 · Cited by 54,325
ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge
Russakovsky, O., Deng, J., Su, H., Krause, J., Satheesh, S., Ma, S., Huang, Z., Karpathy, A., Khosla, A., Bernstein, M., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-015-0816-y · Cited by 39,380
Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space
Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., & Dean, J. (2013) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1301.3781 · Cited by 26,568
Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search
Silver, D., Huang, A., Maddison, C. J., Guez, A., Sifre, L., van den Driessche, G., Schrittwieser, J., Antonoglou, I., Panneershelvam, V., Lanctot, M., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16961 · Cited by 15,612
WordNet: a lexical database for English
Miller, G. A. (1995) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/219717.219748 · Cited by 14,015 · cited 1×
“For example, WordNet [117] represents semantic and lexical relations of words such as synonymy.”
BackgroundCausality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference
Pearl, J. (2009) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511803161 · Cited by 11,653
Hinton, G., Deng, L., Yu, D., Dahl, G., Mohamed, A.-R., Jaitly, N., Senior, A., Vanhoucke, V., Nguyen, P., Sainath, T., et al. (2012) · IEEE Signal Processing Magazine · doi:10.1109/msp.2012.2205597 · Cited by 10,260
Machine learning for molecular and materials science
Butler, K. T., Davies, D. W., Cartwright, H., Isayev, O., & Walsh, A. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0337-2 · Cited by 4,968 · cited 1×
“In addition to these classical domains, machine learning and in particular deep learning are increasingly important and successful in engineering and the sciences [5], [6], [7].”
Background
Cited by
Explainable machine learning for scientific insights and discoveries
Roscher, R., Bohn, B., Duarte, M. F., & Garcke, J. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2976199 · Cited by 1,040
Self-citationMachine learning in concrete science: applications, challenges, and best practices
Li, Z., Yoon, J., Zhang, R., Rajabipour, F., Srubar III, W. V., Dabo, I., & Radlińska, A. (2022) · npj Computational Materials · doi:10.1038/s41524-022-00810-x · Cited by 388
Integrating Machine Learning with Human Knowledge
Deng, C., Ji, X., Rainey, C., Zhang, J., & Lu, W. (2020) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101656 · Cited by 243
A review of some techniques for inclusion of domain-knowledge into deep neural networks
Dash, T., Chitlangia, S., Ahuja, A., & Srinivasan, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04590-0 · Cited by 196
A Survey on Explainable Anomaly Detection
Li, Z., Zhu, Y., & Van Leeuwen, M. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data · doi:10.1145/3609333 · Cited by 139
“This paradigm of integrating prior knowledge into machine learning is called Informed Machine Learning [213], which has received increasing attention over the past few years.”
Metadata
- Authors
- von Rueden, L., Mayer, S., Beckh, K., Georgiev, B., Giesselbach, S., Heese, R., Kirsch, B., Walczak, M., Pfrommer, J., Pick, A., Ramamurthy, R., Garcke, J., Bauckhage, C., & Schuecker, J.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
- Published
- 2021
- Pages
- 1-1
- ISSN
- 1041-4347 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-2191
- 2326-3865
- OpenAlex
- W3006087551
- Cited by
- 793
- References
- 31
- FWCI
- 46.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Informed Machine Learning - A Taxonomy and Survey of Integrating Prior Knowledge into Learning Systems. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/tkde.2021.3079836
- The paper
- von Rueden, L., Mayer, S., Beckh, K., Georgiev, B., Giesselbach, S., Heese, R., Kirsch, B., Walczak, M., Pfrommer, J., Pick, A., Ramamurthy, R., Garcke, J., Bauckhage, C., & Schuecker, J. (2021). Informed Machine Learning - A Taxonomy and Survey of Integrating Prior Knowledge into Learning Systems. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2021.3079836
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.