CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 739HVDC Systems and Fault ProtectionReal-time simulation and control systemsMultilevel Inverters and Converters

Efficient Modeling of Modular Multilevel HVDC Converters (MMC) on Electromagnetic Transient Simulation Programs

Open access
Gnanarathna, Udana N., Gole, Aniruddha M., Jayasinghe, Rohitha P.·2011·IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
DOI 10.1109/tpwrd.2010.2060737
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The number of semiconductor switches in a modular multilevel converter (MMC) for HVDC transmission is typically two orders of magnitudes larger than that in a two or three level voltage-sourced converter (VSC). The large number of devices creates a computational challenge for electromagnetic transient simulation programs, as it can significantly increase the simulation time. The paper presents a method based on partitioning the system's admittance matrix and deriving an efficient time-varying Thévenin's equivalent for the converter part. The proposed method does not make use of approximate interfaced models, and mathematically, is exactly equivalent to modelling the entire network (converter and external system) as one large network. It is shown to drastically reduce the computational time without sacrificing any accuracy. The paper also presents control algorithms and other modelling aspects. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulating a point-to-point VSC-MMC-based HVDC transmission system.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1109/tpwrd.2010.2060737

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 88

  1. U. N. Gnanarathna, A. M. Gole, and S. K. Chaudhary, "Multilevel Modular Converter for VSC-HVDC Transmission Applications: Control and Operational Aspects", 16th National Power Systems Conference, NPSC-2010, Hyderabad, India, Dec. 2010. References
  2. T. Drobik, "High-voltage direct current transmission lines," in Proc. 8 th EEEIC Int. Conf. on Environmental and Electrical Engineering, Karpacz, Poland, May 2009, pp. 260-262.
  3. K . M e a h a n d S . U l a , " C o m p a r a t i v e E v a l u a t i o n o f H V D C a n d H V A C Transmission Systems," presented at the IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Tampa, FL., Jun. 2007.
  4. S. Kuruganty, "HVDC transmission system models for power system reliability evaluation," in Proc. IEEE Wescanex Communications, Power, and Computing Conf., Winnipeg, MB, vol. 2, May. 1995, pp. 501-507.
  5. C. D. Barker and A. M. Sykes, "Designing HVDC transmission schemes for defined availability," IEE Colloq. on Power Electron. Reliability -Promise and Practice, (Does it Deliver?), London, UK, Feb. 1998, pp. 4/1-4/11.
  6. M. A. Avila, "United States and Mexico new cross-border connections," Presented at the IEEE/PES-Transmission and Distribution Conf. and Expo.: Latin America, Aug. 2008.
  7. A. Lesnicar and R. Marquardt, "An Innovative Modular Multilevel Converter Topology Suitable for a Wide Power Range," in Proc. IEEE Power Tech Conf., Bologna, Italy, vol. 3, Jun. 2003.
  8. U. Axelsson, A. Holm, C. Liljegren, K. Eriksson, and L. Weimers, "Gotland HVDC light transmission -World's first commercial small scale DC transmission," in Proc. 14 th CIRED Int. Conf. on Electricity Distribution, Nice, France, May 1999.
  9. L. Stendius and K. Eriksson, "HVDC Light: An excellent tool for city center infeed," Presented at the PowerGen Conf., Singapore, Sep. 1999.
  10. D. F. Menzies, J. Graham, and F. U. Ribeiro, ""Garabi" the Argentina -Brazil 1000MW interconnection commissioning and early operating experience," Presented at the ERLAC Conf., Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, May/June, 2001.
  11. G. Reed, R. Pape, and M. Takeda, "Advantages of voltage sourced converter (VSC) based design concepts for FACTS and HVDC-Link applications," in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, vol. 3, Toronto, ON, Jul. 2003, pp. 1816-1821.
  12. T. Westerweller, K. Friedrich, U. Armonies, A. Orini, D. Parquet, and S. When, "Trans bay Cable -world's first HVDC system using multilevel voltage-sourced converter," Presented at the CIGRE Conf. Paris, France 2010.
  13. S. P. Teeuwsen, "Simplified Dynamic Model of a Voltage-Sourced Converter with Modular Multilevel Converter design," in IEEE/PES -Power Systems Conf. and Expo. PSCE '09., Seattle, WA, Mar. 2009.
  14. C. Du, "VSC-HVDC for industrial power systems," Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Energy and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, 2007.
  15. G. Asplund, K. Eriksson, H. Jiang, J. Lindberg, R. Pålsson, and K. Svensson "DC transmission based on voltage source converters", in Int. Conf. on Large High Voltage Electric Systems, CIGRE 98, vol. 4, Paris, France, 1998.
  16. F. Schetter, H. Huang, and N. Christl, "HVDC transmission system using voltage sourced converters-Design and applications," in Proc. IEEE PES Summer Meeting, vol. 2, Seattle, WA, Jul. 2000, pp. 715-720.
  17. W. Liu and Z. Ca, "Model analysis and robust control design of VSC-HVDC converter with dq0 axis," in 3 rd IEEE Int. Conf. on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring, and Power Technology, DRPT2008, Nanjing, China, pp. 1792- 1796, Apr. 2008.
  18. B. Andersen (Convenor, CIGRÉ WG B4-37), "VSC Transmission," in Int. Conf. Large High-Voltage Electric Systems, CIGRÉ, May 2004.
  19. M. Wyckmans, "Innovation in the Market: HVDC Light, the new technology," Presented at 7 th Int. Transmission and Distribution Conf. and Exhibition, 2010.
  20. B. R. Andersen, L. Xu, P. J. Horton, and P. Cartwright, "Topologies for VSC transmission," Power Eng. J., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 142-150, Jun. 2002.
  21. L. Zhang, H.-P. Nee, and L. Harnefors, "Analysis of stability limitations of a vsc- hvdc link using power-synchronization control," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1326 -1337, Aug. 2011.
  22. M. P. Bahrman, J. G. Johansson, and B. A. Nilsson, "Voltage source converter transmission technologies -The right fit for the application," in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, vol. 3, Toronto, ON, Jul. 2003, pp. 1840-1847.
  23. H. F. Latorre, M. Ghandhari, and L. Soder, "Control of a VSC-HVDC Operating in Parallel with AC Transmission Lines", Presented at the IEEE Transmission & Distribution Conf. and Expo. -Latin America, Aug. 2006.
  24. C. Zhao and C. Guo, "Complete-independent control strategy of active and reactive power for VSC based HVDC system", Presented at the IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Jul. 2009.
  25. Y. Jiang-Häfner, H. Duchen, K. Linden, M. Hyttinen, P. F. de Toledo, T. Tulkiewicz, A.-K. Skytt, and H. Bjorklund, "Improvement of subsynchronous torsional damping using VSC HVDC," in Proc. Int. Conf. Power System Technology, vol. 2, pp. 998-1003, Oct. 2002.
  26. C. Du, M. H. J. Bollen, E. Agneholm, and A. Sannino, "A New Control Strategy of a VSC-HVDC System for High-Quality Supply of Industrial Plants," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.22, no.4, pp.2386-2394, Oct. 2007.
  27. Y. Jiang-Hafner, H. Duchen, M. Karlsson, L. Ronstrom, and B. Abrahamsson, "HVDC with voltage source converters -a powerful standby black start facility", Presented at the IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. and Expo., 2008.
  28. M. Zhou, S. Li, J. Zhang,Z. Liu, and Y. Li, "A study on the black start capability of VSC-HVDC using soft-starting mode," in Proc. IEEE 6 th I n t . P o w e r Electronics and Motion Control Conf., IPEMC '09, May 2009, pp.910-914.
  29. T. M. Haileselassie, M. Molinas, T. Undeland, "Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC System for Integration of Offshore Wind Farms and Green Electrification of Platforms in the North Sea," Presented at the Nordic Workshop on Power and Industrial Electronics, Espoo, Finland, Jun. 2008.
  30. N. Mossadegh and R. K. Aggarwal, "Management and viability of Multi- Terminal HVDC for offshore renewable energy networking," Presented at the 45 th Int. Universities Power Engineering Conf., UPEC 2010, Cardiff, Wales, Aug. 2010.
  31. W. Lu and B. Ooi, "Premium quality power park based on multi-terminal HVDC," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 978-983, Apr. 2005.
  32. D. V. Hertem and M. Ghandhari, "Multi-terminal vsc hvdc for the european supergrid: Obstacles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 3156 -3163, May 2010.
  33. J. Pan, R. Nuqui, K. Srivastava, T. Jonsson, P. Holmberg, and Y.-J. Hafner, "AC Grid with Embedded VSC-HVDC for Secure and Efficient Power Delivery," Presented at the IEEE Energy 2030, Atlanta, GA, Nov. 2008.
  34. N. Flourentzou, V. G. Agelidis, and G. D. Demetriades, "VSC-Based HVDC Power Transmission Systems: An Overview," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.24, no.3, pp.592-602, Mar. 2009.
  35. S. G. Johansson, G. Asplund, E. Jansson, and R. Rudervall, "Power System Stability Benefits with VSC DC-Transmission Systems", Presented at the CIGRE Conf. Paris, France, 2004.
  36. J. M. Carrasco, L. G. Franquelo, J. T. Bialasiewicz, E. Galvan, R. C. P. Guisado, Ma. A. M.Prats, J. I. Leon, and N. Moreno-Alfonso, "Power-electronic systems for the grid integration of renewable energy sources: A survey", IEEE Trans. Industrial Electron., vol. 53, Jun. 2006, pp. 1002-1016.
  37. B. Jacobson, G. Asplund, G. Isacsson, and M. Jeroense, "City Infeed with HVDC Light® and Extruded Cables," Presented at the 16 th Conf. of the Electric Power Supply Industry, CEPSI 2006, Mumbai, India, Nov. 2006.
  38. H. Clark, A.-A. Edris, M. El-Gasseir, K. Epp, A. Isaacs, and D. Woodford, "Softening the Blow of Disturbances," IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.30-41, 2008.
  39. A. L'Abbate and G. Fulli, "Modeling and Application of VSC-HVDC in the European Transmission System", Int. J. Innovations in Energy Systems and Power, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 8-16, April 2010.
  40. J. Yang, J. Zheng, G. Tang, and Z. He, "Characteristics and Recovery Performance of VSC-HVDC DC Transmission Line Fault," Presented at the Asia- Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conf., APPEEC 2010, Chengdu, China, Mar. 2010.
  41. J . S . L a i , a n d F . Z . P e n g , " M u l ti l e v e l C o n v e r t e r s -A N e w B r e e d of P o w e r Converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 509-517, May/Jun. 1996.
  42. F. Z. Peng, J. S. Lai, J. W. McKeever, and J. VanCoevering, "A Multilevel Voltage-Source Inverter with Separate DC Sources for Static Var Generation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 1130-1138, Sept. 1996.
  43. L. M. Tolbert, F. Z. Peng, and T. G. Habetler, "Multilevel Inverters for Electric Vehicle Applications," in Proc. IEEE Workshop on Power Electronics in Transportation, Dearborn, MI, Oct. 1998, pp. 1424-1431.
  44. L. M. Tolbert, F. Z. Peng, and T. G. Habetler, "A Multilevel Converter-Based Universal Power Conditioner," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 596- 603, Mar./Apr. 2000.
  45. A. Nabae, I. Takahashia, and H. Akagi, "New Neutral-Point-Clamped PWM Inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. IA-17, no. 5, pp. 518-523, Sep./Oct. 1981.
  46. N. S. Choi, J. G. Cho, and G. H. Cho, "A general circuit topology of multilevel inverter," in Proc. 22 nd Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC '91, Jun. 1991, pp. 96-103.
  47. J. Rodríguez, J. S. Lai, and F. Z. Peng, "Multilevel inverters: A survey of topologies, controls, and applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 724-738, Aug. 2002.
  48. A. Lesnicar and R. Marquardt, "A new modular voltage source inverter topology", Presented at the 10 th European Conf. on Power Electronics and Applications, EPE'03, Toulouse, France, Sep. 2003.
  49. R.C. Knight, D J Young, and D R Trainer, "Relocatable GTO-Based Static Var Compensator for NGC Substations," in Proc. CIGRE 14-106, Paris, France 1998.
  50. L. G. Franquelo, J. Rodriguez, J. I. Leon, S. Kouro, R. Portillo, and M. A. M. Prats, "The age of multilevel converters arrives," IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 28-39, June 2008.
  51. J. D. Ainsworth, M. Davies, P. J. Fitz, K. E. Owen, and D. R. Trainer, "Static var compensator (STATCOM) based on single phase chain circuit converters", IEE Proc. Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 381-386, Jul. 1998.
  52. B. Andersen, "A H-bridge PEBB for STATCOMs and other VSC applications," in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, vol. 3, Toronto, ON, Jul. 2003, pp.1356 -1359.
  53. R. Feldman, M. Tomasini, J. C. Clare, P. Wheeler, D. R. Trainer, and R. S. Whitehouse, "A hybrid voltage source converter arrangement for HVDC power transmission and reactive power compensation", Presented at the 5 th IET Int. Conf. on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives, PEMD 2010, Brighton, UK, Apr. 2010.
  54. D. Krug, S. Bernet, S. S. Fazel, K. Jalili, and M. Malinowski, "Comparison of 2.3-kV Medium-Voltage Multilevel Converters for Industrial Medium-Voltage Drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 2979-2992, Dec. 2007.
  55. J. Rodriguez, S. Bernet, W. Bin, J. O. Pontt, and S. Kouro, "Multilevel Voltage- Source-Converter Topologies for Industrial Medium-Voltage Drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 2930-2945, Dec. 2007.
  56. T. Jonsson, P. Lundberg, S. Maiti, Y. Jiang-Häfner, "Converter Technologies and Functional Requirements for Reliable and Economical HVDC Grid Design", Presented at the CIGRE Canada Conf. on Power Systems, Calgary, AB, Sep. 2013.
  57. U. N. Gnanarathna, A. M. Gole, and S. K. Chaudhary, "Multilevel Modular Converter for VSC-HVDC Transmission Applications: Control and Operational Aspects", in Proc. 16 th National Power Systems Conf., NPSC 2010, Hyderabad, India, Dec. 2010, pp. 405-410.
  58. L. Xiaoqian, S. Qiang, L. Jianguo, and L. Wenhua, "Capacitor voltage balancing control based on CPS-PWM of Modular Multilevel Converter," Presented at the IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Phoenix, AZ, Sep. 2011.
  59. M. Saeedifard and R. Iravani, "Dynamic Performance of a Modular Multilevel Back-to-Back HVDC System," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.25, no.4, pp.2903-2912, Oct. 2010.
  60. M. Hagiwara and H. Akagi, "Control and experiment of pulse width modulated modular multilevel converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1737-1746, Jul. 2009.
  61. J. Xu, A. M. Gole, and C. Zhao, "The Use of Averaged-Value Model of Modular Multilevel Converter in DC Grid," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, no.99, 2014.
  62. IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems, IEEE Standard 519, 1992.
  63. B. Gemmell, J. Dorn, D. Retzmann, and D. Soerangr, "Prospects of Multilevel VSC Technologies for Power Transmission", Presented at the IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conf. and Exposition, Chicago, IL, Apr. 2008.
  64. T. W. Shire, "VSC-HVDC based Network Reinforcement," M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 2009.
  65. K. Ilves, A. Antonopoulos, S. Norrga, and H.-P. Nee, "Steady-State Analysis of I n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n H a r m o n i C o m p o a n t i Modular Multilevel Converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.27, no.1, pp.57-68, Jan. 2012.
  66. Q. Tu, Z. Xu, and J. Zhang, "Circulating current suppressing controller in modular multilevel converter," in Proc. 36 th Annu. Conf. IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2010, Glendale, AZ, Nov. 2010, pp. 3198-3202.
  67. M. L. Medina, "Design and Control of Single-phase Modular Multilevel Converter," Masters Thesis, Dept. Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Computers, and Systems, Universidad De Oviedo, Asturias, Spain, 2013.
  68. K . I l v e s , S . N o r r g a , L . H a r n e f o r s , a n d H . N e e , " A n a l y s i s o f A r m C u r r e n t Harmonics in Modular Multilevel Converters with Main-Circuit Filters," Presented at the 9 th Int. Multi-Conf. on Systems, Signals and Devices, Chemnitz, Germany, Mar. 2012.
  69. G. Cordioli, D. Retzmann, and K. Uecker, "Prospects of multilevel VSC converter technologies," presented at the HVDC Transmission Workshop, Rome, Italy, Nov. 2008.
  70. K. Strunz and E. Carlson, "Nested Fast and Simultaneous Solution for Time- Domain Simulation of Integrative Power-Electric and Electronic Systems," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 22, pp. 277-287, Jan. 2007.
  71. H. W. Dommel, "Digital computer solution of electromagnetic transients in single-and multiphase networks", IEEE Trans. Power App. and Syst., vol. PAS- 88, no. 4, pp. 388-399, Apr. 1969.
  72. H. Selhi and C. Christopoulos, "Generalized TLM switch model for power electronics applications," IEE Proc. Scientific Measuring Technology, vol. 145, no.3, pp. 101-104, May 1998.
  73. W. F. Tinney, and J. W. Walker, "Direct solutions of sparse network equations by optimally ordered triangular factorization," IEEE Proc., vol.55, no.11, pp. 1801- 1809, Nov. 1967.
  74. C.D. Barker, N.M. Kirby, W. Liang, R.S. Whitehouse, A. Gole, and U. Gnanarathna, "Development of a Modular Multi-Level Electro-Magnetic transient Model of the Alstom Grid VSC (MaxSine)", Presented at the CIGRE Canada Conf. on Power Systems, Halifax, NS, Sep. 2011.
  75. A.M. Gole, I.T. Fernando, G.D. Irwin, and O.B. Nayak, "Modeling of Power Electronic Apparatus: Additional Interpolation Issues", International Conference on Power System Transients, IPST'97, Seattle, WA, Jun. 1997.
  76. G. Ding, G. Tang, Z. He, and M. Ding, "New technologies of voltage source converter (VSC) for HVDC transmission system based on VSC," in Proc. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting -Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, Jul. 2008.
  77. G. Dahlquist, "A special stability problem for linear multistep methods," BIT Numerical Mathematics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 27-43, 1963.
  78. T. Noda, K. Takenaka, and T. Inoue, "Numerical Integration by the 2-Stage Diagonally Implicit Runge-Kutta Method for Electromagnetic Transient Simulations," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 390-399, Jan. 2009.
  79. B. Chuco and E. Watanabe, "A comparative study of dynamic performance of HVDC system based on conventional VSC and MMC-VSC," in Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control (iREP), 2010 iREP Symposium, Aug. 2010, pp. 1 - 6.
  80. M. Callavik, "HVDC Grids For Offshore And Onshore Transmission," Presented at the EWEA Offshore Wind Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Nov./Dec. 2011.
  81. Y. Gu, X. Huang, P. Qiu, W. Hua, Z. Zhang, and Z. Xu, "Study of Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination for MMC based HVDC," in Proc. ICCSEE 2013 -2 nd International Conference on Compuyer Science and Electronics Engineering, Mar. 2013.
  82. A. Das, H. Nademi, and L. Norum, "A method for charging and discharging capacitors in Modular Multilevel Converter," in Proc. IECON 2011 -37 th annual conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Nov. 2011.
  83. J. Svensson, "Synchronization methods for grid connected voltage source converters", IEE Proc. Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 229-235, May 2001.
  84. A. M. Gole, L. Mootoosamy, and V. K. Sood, "Validation and Analysis of a Grid Control System using d-q-z Transformation for Static Compensator Systems," in Proc. of Canadian Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering, Montreal, QC, Sep. 1989, pp. 745-748.
  85. U. N. Gnanarathna, S. K. Chaudhary, A. M. Gole, and R. Teodorescu, "Modular Multi-level Converter Based HVDC System For Grid Connection Of Offshore W i n d P o w e r P l a n t " , 9 th International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission IET London UK, 2010 Oct
  86. A. D. Rajapakse, A. M. Gole, and P. L. Wilson, "Electromagnetic transient simulation models for accurate representation of switching losses and thermal performance in power electronic systems," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 20, no.1, pp. 319-327, Jan. 2005.
  87. A. D. Rajapakse, A. M. Gole, and P. L. Wilson, "Approximate loss formulae for estimation of IGBT switching losses through EMTP-type simulations," Presented at the 6 th Int. Conf. Power System Transients, Montreal, QC, Canada, Jun. 2005.
  88. "Alstom Grid hosts CIGRE UK Conference in Stafford," http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2011/10/CIGRE2011/, Jan. 31, 2012 [Feb. 20, 2014]

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Gnanarathna, U. N., Gole, A. M., & Jayasinghe, R. P.
Affiliations
University of Manitoba (CA)
ORCID
Venue
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published
2011-01
Volume
26
Issue
1
Pages
316-324
ISSN
  • 0885-8977 (ISSN-L)
  • 1937-4208
DOI
10.1109/tpwrd.2010.2060737
OpenAlex
W2124881904
Cited by
739
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 27
FWCI
18.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html (vor)
Locations
  • IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery (publishedVersion)
  • Mspace (University of Manitoba) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › HVDC Systems and Fault Protection
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Real-time simulation and control systems
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Multilevel Inverters and Converters
Keywords
modular multilevel converter, HVDC transmission, electromagnetic transient simulation, converter modeling, computational efficiency, converter control algorithm

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review