A Three-Phase Power Flow Approach for Integrated 3-Wire MV and 4-Wire Multigrounded LV Networks with Rooftop Solar PV
Abstract
With increasing level of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) penetration into low voltage (LV) distribution networks, analysis with realistic network models is necessary for adequate capturing of network behavior. Traditional three-phase 3-wire power flow approach lacks the capability of exact analysis of 4-wire multigrounded LV networks due to the approximation of merging the neutral wire admittance into the phase wire admittances. Such an approximation may not be desirable when neutral wire and grounding effects need to be assessed, especially in the presence of single-phase solar power injection that may cause a significant level of network unbalance. This paper proposes a three-phase power flow approach for distribution networks while preserving the original 3-wire and 4-wire configurations for more accurate estimation of rooftop PV impacts on different phases and neutrals. A three-phase transformer model is developed to interface between the 3-wire medium voltage (MV) and the 4-wire LV networks. Also an integrated network model is developed for an explicit representation of different phases, neutral wires and groundings of a distribution system. A series of power flow calculations have been performed using the proposed approach to investigate the impacts of single-phase variable PV generation on an Australian distribution system and results are presented.
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The study in [31] considered grounding resistances of approximately 5 Ω and used a 0.5 V N-G voltage limit as the common-mode threshold for sensitive equipment [32], showing that unbalanced PV connection patterns can drive N-G voltages above this level.
“The study considered grounding resistances of approximately 5 Ω and used a 0.5 V N-G voltage limit as the common-mode threshold for sensitive equipment [32], showing that unbalanced PV connection patterns can drive N-G voltages above this level.”
From Voltage Regulation in Rooftop PV-Rich Distribution Networks: A Review and Detailed Case Study (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
Other work has investigated integrated three-wire/four-wire approaches for multi-grounded LV networks and highlighted how neutral grounding resistance and unbalanced loading can drive N-G voltages above common mode limits for sensitive equipment.
“Other work has investigated integrated three-wire/four-wire approaches for multi-grounded LV networks and highlighted how neutral grounding resistance and unbalanced loading can drive N-G voltages above common mode limits for sensitive equipment [31,32].”
From Voltage Regulation in Rooftop PV-Rich Distribution Networks: A Review and Detailed Case Study (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
An integrated three-wire/four-wire modelling approach for assessing N-G voltages in multi-grounded LV networks was proposed in reference [31], where the influence of LV neutral behaviour on the upstream network was also examined.
“An integrated three-wire/four-wire modelling approach for assessing N-G voltages in multi-grounded LV networks was proposed in reference [31], where the influence of LV neutral behaviour on the upstream network was also examined.”
From Voltage Regulation in Rooftop PV-Rich Distribution Networks: A Review and Detailed Case Study (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
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Voltage Regulation in Rooftop PV-Rich Distribution Networks: A Review and Detailed Case Study
Rahman, O., Elphick, S., & Robinson, D. A. (2026) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics15051074 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Alam, M. J. E., Muttaqi, K. M., & Sutanto, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Wollongong (AU)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1728-1737
- ISSN
- 0885-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-0679
- OpenAlex
- W1964960728
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 3.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Power Systems (publishedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optimal Power Flow Distribution
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Power Quality and Harmonics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Power System Optimization and Stability
- Keywords
- three-phase power flow, rooftop solar, distribution network modeling, medium-voltage distribution networks
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