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Cited by 58Microgrid Control and OptimizationSmart Grid Energy ManagementFrequency Control in Power Systems

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Grid-Forming and Spatially Distributed Control Design of Dynamic Virtual Power Plants

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Häberle, Verena, Tayyebi, Ali, He, Xiuqiang, Prieto-Araujo, Eduardo, Dörfler, Florian·2024·IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
DOI 10.1109/tsg.2023.3311481
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Abstract

We present a novel grid-forming control design approach for dynamic virtual power plants (DVPP). We consider a group of heterogeneous grid-forming distributed energy resources (DER) which collectively provide desired dynamic ancillary services, such as fast frequency and voltage control. To achieve that, we study the nontrivial aggregation of grid-forming DERs to establish the DVPP, and employ an adaptive divide-and-conquer strategy that disaggregates the desired control specifications of the aggregate DVPP via adaptive dynamic participation factors to obtain local desired behaviors of each DER. We then design local controllers at the DER level to realize these local desired behaviors. In the process, physical and engineered limits of each DER are taken into account. We extend the proposed approach to make it also compatible with grid-following DER controls, thereby establishing the concept of so-called hybrid DVPPs. Furthermore, we generalize the DVPP design to spatially dispersed DER locations in power grids with different voltage levels and$R/X$ratios. Finally, the DVPP control performance is verified via numerical case studies in the IEEE nine-bus transmission grid with an interconnected medium voltage distribution grid.

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References 44 · Cited by 58

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Metadata

Authors
Häberle, V., Tayyebi, A., He, X., Prieto-Araujo, E., & Dörfler, F.
Affiliations
  • ETH Zurich (CH)
  • CITCEA, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
ORCID
Venue
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published
2024-03
Volume
15
Issue
2
Pages
1761-1777
ISSN
  • 1949-3053 (ISSN-L)
  • 1949-3061
DOI
10.1109/tsg.2023.3311481
OpenAlex
W4386432079
Cited by
58
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 11
FWCI
6.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (883985)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Microgrid Control and Optimization
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Frequency Control in Power Systems
Keywords
grid-forming control, distributed energy resources, frequency regulation, voltage regulation, grid-following control, medium voltage distribution grid

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Grid-Forming and Spatially Distributed Control Design of Dynamic Virtual Power Plants. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/tsg.2023.3311481
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Häberle, V., Tayyebi, A., He, X., Prieto-Araujo, E., & Dörfler, F. (2024). Grid-Forming and Spatially Distributed Control Design of Dynamic Virtual Power Plants. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3311481