Non‐Native Speakers' Production of Modified Comprehensible Output and Second Language Learning
Abstract
This study investigated the ability of NNSs to modify their output toward comprehensibility in the contexts of NS‐NNS and NNS‐NNS interactions and the degree to which such modified comprehensible output (MCO) was other‐ or self‐initiated. Picture‐dictation and opinion‐exchange tasks were used to collect data from 8 NSs and 24NNSs of English representing 13 different L1 backgrounds. The 2 tasks were performed in pairs (NS‐NNS and NNS‐NNS) and were audiotaped. The results showed that most repairs were self‐initiated and that NNS‐NNS interactions produced more other‐initiations and other‐initiated MCOs on the picture‐dictation task. The frequencies of these MCOs support the importance of modification toward comprehensible output as a process of second language acquisition.
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Learners tend to react to feedback by modifying their initial errors more often during interaction with L2 peers rather than when they interact with L1 speakers.
“Research has also found that learners tend to react to feedback by modifying their initial errors (modified output) more often during interaction with L2 peers rather than when they interact with L1 speakers.”
From Interaction and instructed second language acquisition (2018) · cites this paper as Shehadeh 1999
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Loewen, S., & Sato, M. (2018) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444818000125 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
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McDonough, K., & Mackey, A. (2006) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2006.00393.x · Cited by 259 · see citing works
A Comparison of L2–L2 and L2–Heritage Learner Interactions in Spanish Language Classrooms
Bowles, M. A., Adams, R. J., & Toth, P. D. (2014) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12086 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shehadeh, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Aleppo (SY)
- Corresponding author
- Shehadeh, Ali
- ORCID
- Shehadeh, Ali
- Venue
- Language Learning
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 627-675
- ISSN
- 0023-8333 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9922
- OpenAlex
- W2113360588
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 8.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Language Learning (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Analysis
- Keywords
- non-native speakers, second language acquisition, comprehensibility, self-initiated repair, other-initiated repair, opinion exchange, interlanguage, L1 background, English as a second language
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