The DOI matches its Crossref record.
An unsupported common view: Comparing Japan and the U.S. on individualism/collectivism
Abstract
It has long been believed that the Japanese are more collectivistic than the Americans. To assess the validity of this common view, we reviewed 15 empirical studies that compared these two nations on individualism/collectivism. Surprisingly, 14 studies did not support the common view; the only study that supported it turned out to bear little relevance to the ordinary definition of individualism/collectivism. An examination of the supportive evidence of the common view disclosed that this view had been formed on an unexpectedly flimsy ground. It further turned out that the wide acceptance of the common view may have been the result of the fundamental attribution error, which may have led to an underestimation of situational factors in interpreting the past obviously collectivistic behavior of the Japanese.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.
Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3 · Cited by 5,758
Autonomy and Relatedness in Cultural Context: Implications for Self and Family
Kagitcibasi, C. (2005) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022105275959 · Cited by 1,345
Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Peng, K., & Greenholtz, J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.903 · Cited by 1,080
Heine, S. J., Kitayama, S., Lehman, D. R., Takata, T., Ide, E., Leung, C., & Matsumoto, H. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.4.599 · Cited by 746
Kitayama, S., Park, H., Sevincer, A. T., Karasawa, M., & Uskul, A. K. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015999 · Cited by 639
Metadata
- Authors
- Takano, Y., & Osaka, E.
- Venue
- Asian Journal of Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 311-341
- ISSN
- 1367-2223 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-839X
- OpenAlex
- W2009663767
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 13.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: An unsupported common view: Comparing Japan and the U.S. on individualism/collectivism. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/1467-839x.00043
- The paper
- Takano, Y., & Osaka, E. (1999). An unsupported common view: Comparing Japan and the U.S. on individualism/collectivism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839x.00043
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
