A Note on Misconceptions Concerning Prospective and Retrospective Power

A power primer.

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The Use of Predicted Confidence Intervals When Planning Experiments and the Misuse of Power When Interpreting Results

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Jacques Bernoulli'sArt of Conjecturing

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G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences

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The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes: Statistical Power, Meta-Analysis, and the Interpretation of Research Results

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Sample Size Justification

Lakens, D. (2022) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.33267 · Cited by 1,962 · see citing works

A Practical Primer To Power Analysis for Simple Experimental Designs

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Application of statistical power analysis – How to determine the right sample size in human health, comfort and productivity research

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Brief Report: Post Hoc Power, Observed Power, A Priori Power, Retrospective Power, Prospective Power, Achieved Power: Sorting Out Appropriate Uses of Statistical Power Analyses

O’Keefe, D. J. (2007) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312450701641375 · Cited by 249 · see citing works

Mycophenolate mofetil and intravenous cyclophosphamide are similar as induction therapy for class V lupus nephritis

Radhakrishnan, J., Moutzouris, D.-A., Ginzler, E. M., Solomons, N., Siempos, I. Ι., & Appel, G. B. (2009) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2009.412 · Cited by 206 · see citing works

Spikes in acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) associated with a 5–7 times greater injury rate in English Premier League football players: a comprehensive 3-year study

Bowen, L., Gross, A. S., Gimpel, M., Bruce‐Low, S., & Li, F.-X. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099422 · Cited by 188 · see citing works

A randomised controlled trial of prehospital intravenous fluid replacement therapy in serious trauma.

Turner, J., Nicholl, Webber, Cox, Dixon, S., & Yates (2000) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta4310 · Cited by 160 · see citing works

Understanding statistical power in the context of applied research

Baguley, T. S. (2004) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2004.01.002 · Cited by 148 · see citing works

Simplifying effort estimation based on Use Case Points

Ochodek, M., Nawrocki, J. R., & Kwarciak, K. (2010) · Information and Software Technology · doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2010.10.005 · Cited by 142 · see citing works

Interpersonal pathoplasticity in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder

Przeworski, A., Newman, M. G., Pincus, A. L., Kasoff, M. B., Yamasaki, A. S., Castonguay, L. G., & Berlin, K. S. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023334 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Sleep quality, cortisol levels, and behavioral regulation in toddlers

Scher, A., Hall, W. A., Zaidman‐Zait, A., & Weinberg, J. (2009) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20410 · Cited by 115 · see citing works

Prediction of subjective age, desired age, and age satisfaction in older adults: Do some health dimensions contribute more than others?

Hubley, A. M., & Russell, L. B. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025408099486 · Cited by 114 · see citing works

Required sample size and nonreplicability thresholds for heterogeneous genetic associations

Moonesinghe, R., Khoury, M. J., Liu, T., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0705554105 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Internal workload and non-contact injury: a one-season study of five teams from the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study

McCall, A., Dupont, G., & Ekstrand, J. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098473 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Post hoc power is not informative

Heinsberg, L. W., & Weeks, D. E. (2022) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.22464 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Measurement Invariance of the Appearance Schemas Inventory–Revised and the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory Across Age and Gender

Rusticus, S. A., Hubley, A. M., & Zumbo, B. D. (2008) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191107306805 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Common statistical and research design problems in manuscripts submitted to high-impact medical journals.

Fernandes-Taylor, S., Hyun, J. K., Reeder, R. N., & Harris, A. H. (2011) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-4-304 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

A prospective, randomized comparison of bovine carotid artery and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene for permanent hemodialysis vascular access

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The test-takers' choice: an investigation of the effect of topic on language-test performance

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Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis affected sibpairs: Extent of clinical phenotype concordance

Moroldo, M. B., Chaudhari, M., Shear, E. S., Thompson, S. D., Glass, D. N., & Giannini, E. H. (2004) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.20292 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Investigating the Intra-Individual Variability and Trajectories of Subjective Well-being

Gadermann, A., & Zumbo, B. D. (2006) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-006-0015-x · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Measurement Invariance of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire: Can We Compare Across Age and Gender?

Rusticus, S. A., & Hubley, A. M. (2006) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9135-7 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Common statistical and research design problems in manuscripts submitted to high-impact psychiatry journals: What editors and reviewers want authors to know

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The relationship between effective plant area index and Landsat spectral response across elevation, solar insolation, and spatial scales in a northern Idaho forest

Pocewicz, A., Gessler, P. E., & Robinson, A. P. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x03-215 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Constructive Criticisms of Methodological and Editorial Practices

Knapp, T. R., & Sawilowsky, S. S. (2001) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220970109599498 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Beneficial Properties of Argon After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Early Treatment Reduces Mortality and Influences Hippocampal Protein Expression*

Höllig, A., Weinandy, A., Liu, J., Clusmann, H., Rossaint, R., & Coburn, M. (2016) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000001561 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Comparability of the Rey-Osterrieth and Modified Taylor Complex Figures Using Total Scores, Completion Times, and Construct Validation

Hubley, A. M., & Jassal, S. (2006) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390500434441 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Conditional equivalence testing: An alternative remedy for publication bias

Campbell, H., & Gustafson, P. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195145 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Is overt repetition critical to expressive word learning? The role of overt repetition in word learning with and without semantics

Abbs, B., Gupta, P., & Khetarpal, N. (2008) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716408080272 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

The Minimum Detectable Difference (MDD) Concept for Establishing Trust in Nonsignificant Results: A Critical Review

Mair, M. M., Kattwinkel, M., Jakoby, O., & Hartig, F. (2020) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4847 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Phubbed and curious: The relation between partner phubbing and electronic partner surveillance

Schokkenbroek, J., Hardyns, W., & Ponnet, K. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107425 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Rethinking Observed Power

Sun, S., Pan, W., & Wang, L. L. (2011) · Methodology · doi:10.1027/1614-2241/a000025 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Assessing the Reliability of Ecological Monitoring Data: Power Analysis and Alternative Approaches

Morrison, L. W. (2007) · Natural Areas Journal · doi:10.3375/0885-8608(2007)27[83:atroem]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Review: The Applicability of Epidemiological Methods to the Assessment of the Risks to Human Health of Indoor Air Pollution: An Overview

Brown, T. P., Holmes, P., & Harrison, P. T. C. (2010) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x09342683 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Power analysis software for educational researchers

Peng, C.-Y. J., Long, H., & Abaci, S. (2012) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2011.647115 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Outcome of the Pesticides Peer Review Meeting on general recurring issues in ecotoxicology

Authority, E. F. S., Arena, M., Auteri, D., Barmaz, S., Chaideftou, E., Čtveráčková, L., Lentdecker, C. D., Ippolito, A., Kardassi, D., Lythgo, C., et al. (2019) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.en-1673 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Power Approximations for Overall Average Effects in Meta-Analysis With Dependent Effect Sizes

Vembye, M. H., Pustejovsky, J. E., & Pigott, T. (2022) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986221127379 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

What Produces Television Attention and Attention Style?: Genre, Situation, and Individual Differences as Predictors

Hawkins, R. P. (2005) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/31.1.162 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

What Produces Television Attention and Attention Style?.

Hawkins, R. P., Pingree, S., Hitchon, J. C. B., Radler, B., Gorham, B. W., Kahlor, L. A., Gilligan, E., Serlin, R. C., Schmidt, T., Kannaovakun, P., et al. (2005) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2005.tb00868.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Polymorphism of the ACE gene in Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis

Dudley, J., Afifi, E. N. E. D., Gardner, A., Tizard, E. J., & McGraw, M. E. (2000) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s004670050045 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Under-exposure to official matches is associated with muscle injury incidence in professional footballers

Moreno-Pérez, V., Paredes, V., Pastor, D., Nevado-Garrosa, F., Vielcazat, S., Coso, J. D., & Méndez-Villanueva, A. (2021) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2021.100360 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Outcome of the pesticides peer review meeting on general recurring issues in ecotoxicology

Authority, E. F. S. (2015) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.en-924 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Loneliness Modulates Automatic Attention to Warm and Competent Faces: Preliminary Evidence From an Eye-Tracking Study

Saito, T. I., Motoki, K., Nouchi, R., Kawashima, R., & Sugiura, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02967 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Invariance test of the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire: do women with breast cancer interpret this measure differently?

Sabiston, C. M., Rusticus, S. A., Brunet, J., McDonough, M. H., Hadd, V., Hubley, A. M., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2010) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9680-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works

The self-fulfilling prophecy of post-hoc power calculations

Christogiannis, C., Nikolakopoulos, S., Pandis, N., & Mavridis, D. (2022) · American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics · doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.10.008 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Curriculum-based measurement in reading: A comparison of similar versus challenging material.

Dunn, E. K., & Eckert, T. L. (2002) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1521/scpq.17.1.24.19904 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Why it is nonsensical to use retrospective power analyses to conduct a postmortem on your study

Jiroutek, M. R., & Turner, J. R. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.13173 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

A Brief Measure of Staff Commitment to Implement School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports

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Comments on the Statistical Significance Testing Articles

Knapp, T. R. (1998) · Research in the schools · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Advantages of Computer Programs over Power Charts for the Estimation of Power

Gatti, G., & Harwell, M. R. (1998) · Journal of Statistics Education · doi:10.1080/10691898.1998.11910620 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Knee joint biomechanics during gait improve from 3 to 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Neal, K., Williams, J. R., Alfayyadh, A., Capin, J. J., Khandha, A., MANAL, K. T., Snyder‐Mackler, L., & Buchanan, T. S. (2022) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.25250 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

HAZOP-based identification of events in use cases

Jurkiewicz, J., Nawrocki, J. R., Ochodek, M., & Głowacki, T. (2013) · Empirical Software Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10664-013-9277-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

A Study of Principals' Instructional Leadership Behaviors and Beliefs of Good Pedagogical Practice among Effective California High Schools Serving Socioeconomically Disadvantaged and English Learners.

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Is Market Orientation Affected by the Size and Diversity of Customer Networks?

Ellis, P. D. (2010) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-010-0037-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

The Relationship Between Community Species Richness and the Richness of the Parasite Community inFundulus heteroclitus

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The power of meta-analysis: a challenge for evidence-based medicine

Berchialla, P., Chiffi, D., Valente, G., & Voutilainen, A. (2020) · European Journal for Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1007/s13194-020-00321-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Beyond Compliance: Mother–Child Joint Action During a “Do” Task

Zaidman‐Zait, A., Marshall, S. K., Young, R. A., & Hertzman, C. (2013) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9760-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works

A Generalized Model to Estimate the Statistical Power in Mitochondrial Disease Studies Involving 2×k Tables

Pardo‐Seco, J., Amigo, J., González–Manteiga, W., & Salas, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073567 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

When lack of control enhances closeness to others: The case of unemployment and economic threat

Bukowski, M., de Lemus, S., Rodríguez‐Bailón, R., Willis, G. B., & Alburquerque, A. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2563 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Assessing the relationships between person -organization fit, moral philosophy, and the motivation to lead

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Is Sarcopenia a Risk Factor for Postoperative Surgical Site Infection After Posterior Lumbar Spinal Fusion?

Barile, F., Ruffilli, A., Fiore, M., Manzetti, M., Geraci, G., Viroli, G., & Faldini, C. (2022) · The International Journal of Spine Surgery · doi:10.14444/8302 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Using Alternate Forms of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale: Caveat Emptor

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Inadequate Statistical Power of Published Comparative Cohort Studies on Ventilator‐Associated Pneumonia to Detect Mortality Differences

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RETR_PWR: An SAS macro for retrospective statistical power analysis

Hogarty, K. Y., & Kromrey, J. D. (2003) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03195537 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

To treat or not to treat: new evidence for the effectiveness of manual therapy

Sran, M. M. (2004) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.010876 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Ten Statistics Commandments That Almost Never Should Be Broken

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Performance and Management Independence in the ERP Implementations in Spain: A Dynamic View

de Lorca, P. T., & Suárez, J. D. A. (2011) · Information Systems Management · doi:10.1080/10580530.2011.562131 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

The Non-Parametric Difference Score: A Workable Solution for Analyzing Two-Wave Change When The Measures Themselves Change Across Waves

Lloyd, J. E. V., & Zumbo, B. D. (2007) · Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods · doi:10.22237/jmasm/1193889960 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Inappropriate use of statistical power

Fraser, R. A. (2023) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/s41409-023-01935-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Comparison of the effects of sevoflurane and propofol on core body temperature during laparoscopic abdominal surgery

Kwak, H. J., Min, S. K., Yi, I.-K., Chang, Y. J., & Kim, J. Y. (2011) · Korean Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.4097/kjae.2011.61.2.133 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Retrospective Statistical Power: Fallacies and Recommendations

Wang, L. (2010) · Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews · doi:10.1053/j.nainr.2009.12.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Post hoc Power Calculations

Wallace, D. K., & Melia, M. (2008) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.06.005 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Check-In/Check-Out (CICO) in High School: Results From a Small Randomized Controlled Trial

Flannery, K. B., Kato, M. M., Kittelman, A., Sampson, N. K., & McIntosh, K. (2024) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/01987429231225461 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Good predictors for the fixation probability on complex networks of multi-player games using territorial interactions

Schimit, P. H. T., Pereira, F. H., & Broom, M. (2022) · Ecological Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2022.101017 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Length of post-treatment immobilization following medial humeral epicondyle avulsion fracture predicts return of full range of motion

Jones, R. H., Beber, S. A., Albright, J. C., Bowen, M. A., Edmonds, E. W., Ellington, M. D., Heyworth, B. E., Joughin, E., Latz, K. H., McKay, S. D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jse.2024.08.050 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

On some end-user programming constructs and their understandability

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Lack of High-Dose Radiation Mediated Prostate Cancer Promotion and Low-Dose Radiation Adaptive Response in the TRAMP Mouse Model

Lawrence, M. D., Ormsby, R. J., Blyth, B. J., Bezak, E., England, G. M., Newman, M. R., Tilley, W. D., & Sykes, P. J. (2013) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr3381.2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Need for closure and compensatory rule‐based perception: The role of information consistency

Dragon, P., & Kossowska, M. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2512 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Exact sample sizes needed to detect dependence in 2×3 tables

Sánchez, M. S., Basten, C., Ferrenberg, A. M., Asmussen, M. A., & Arnold, J. (2005) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2005.11.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Teste de hipóteses: perguntas que você sempre quis fazer, mas nunca teve coragem

Hirakata, V. N., Mancuso, A. C. B., & Castro, S. M. D. J. (2019) · Clinical & Biomedical Research · doi:10.4322/2357-9730.93649 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Testing Homogeneity of VariancePreprint

Wright, C. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2953900 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Hypothermia as therapy in cerebral injury

Moran, J. L., & Peake, S. (2002) · Critical Care and Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/s1441-2772(23)00777-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

A small p-value from an observed data is not evidence of adequate power for future similar-sized studies: A cautionary note

Atenafu, E. G., Hamid, J. S., Stephens, D., To, T. M., & Beyene, J. (2008) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2008.11.005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Power and Effect Size Measures: A Census of Articles Published from 2009 -2012 in the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research

Rami, M. K. (2014) · UND Scholarly Commons (University of North Dakota) · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Power Analysis for the Mean Effect Size

Pigott, T. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2278-5_4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Some Remarks of Type III Error for Directional Two-Tailed Test

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Biosecurity Under Uncertainty: The Influence of INformation Availability and Quality on Expert Descision-making for Risk Outcomes

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Interpreting Negative Studies

Simon, S. D. (2001) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.2001.tb02147.x · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Java Applets for Sample Size

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A Response to Some Criticisms of Post Hoc Power

Carle, A. C. (2020) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2020.09.011 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Using learning content management systems as highly adaptive and efficient supporting tool for (recurrent) training — an applied perspective

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Selective digestive decontamination: once again

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Quality of life and clinical outcomes in Type 2 diabetes patients at the primary care clinics of the West Virginia University Hospital

Sundaram, M. (2005) · doi:10.33915/etd.4198 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

ANOVA

Sawilowsky, S. S. (2006) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-60752-578-320251017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Eating psychopathology and cognitive functioning

Tatsi, E. (2013) · CLOK (University of Central Lancashire)

Probability of Coverage and Interval Length for Two-Group Techniques Assessing the Median and Trimmed Mean

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Brief Review of Hypothesis Testing Concepts/Issues and Confidence Intervals

Ryan, T. P. (2013) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118439241.ch1

Whatever Explains Whatever: The Duhem-Quine Thesis and Conventional Quantitative Methods In Political SciencePreprint

Lokshin, I. M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2555496

Retrospective Statistical Power: Fallacies and Recommendations

Wang, L. (2010) · Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews · doi:10.1053/j.nainr.2009.12.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Retrospective Power Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints, 2000, Vol. 26(2) 7 Problems with Probabilistic Hindsight: A Comparison of Methods for Retrospective Statistical Power Analysis

Kromrey, J., & Hogarty, K. Y. (2015)

Brief Report: Post Hoc Power, Observed Power, A Priori Power, Retrospective Power, Prospective Power, Achieved Power: Sorting Out Appropriate Uses of Statistical Power Analyses

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Issues of Power: Clarification

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Rethinking Observed Power

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