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Sensitivity to Reward Delay in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Abstract
The present study compared the sensitivity to pre‐ and post‐reward delays of children with and without DSM‐IV combined type ADHD. Thirty‐six children with DSM‐IV combined type ADHD and 36 controls completed a signal‐detection task. Correct identification of one stimulus produced an immediate reward and then a 3.5 s delay before the next trial (immediate reward). Correct identification of the other stimulus was associated with a 3.5 s delay before reward was delivered (delayed reward). Group differences emerged in response bias toward the immediately rewarded alternative. Children in the ADHD group showed a greater bias toward immediate reward than the controls. Children in the control group showed different patterns of response bias and discriminability following immediate and delayed rewards. For these children discriminability was lower and response bias was greater on trials following delayed reward. Both groups responded more slowly on trials following delayed reward. These findings support the hypothesis that children with ADHD are unusually sensitive to pre‐reward delays.
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“In contrast to this generally disappointing picture is the more consistent evidence for an effect of delay, prior to delivery of rewards, on ADHD children's responses and choices (Tripp and Alsop, 2001).”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Tripp and Alsop, 2001
In the citing paper
“are biased towards task responses tied to immediate rewards (Tripp and Alsop, 2001)”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Tripp and Alsop, 2001
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Items 101–165 of 165
Henríquez, M., Zamorano, F. J., Engel, F. R., & Domínguez, F. A. (2010) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.5002.2009082 · Cited by 19
“La evidencia experimental en que se apoyan los modelos emocionales proviene principalmente de los trabajos efectuados por los grupos de Kuntsi, Antrop, Tripp y Sonuga-Barke [14,38,40-45].”
BackgroundClements, C. C., Ascunce, K., & Nelson, C. A. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.861 · Cited by 22
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“Consistent with previous studies (Becker et al. 2013; Sonuga-Barke et al. 2008; Tripp and Alsop 2001), children’s RR was positively associated ADHD with symptoms.”
Item-based analysis of delayed reward discounting decision making
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“Tripp G, Alsop B. Sensitivity to Reward Delay in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).”
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“Concerning the significant difference in Toy Gratification Delay, our findings were supported by previous findings that children with ADHD were more sensitive to pre‑reward delays than NC.[27,28] Significant group differences were found that all ADHD subtypes differed from one another on the inhibition domain, regardl…”
ResultFeedback Timing Modulates Probabilistic Learning in Adults with ADHD
Gabay, Y., Shahbari-Khateb, E., & Mendelsohn, A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33551-3 · Cited by 17
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“Evidence exists linking AD/HD with a hypersensitivity to delay and consequent difficulties in both waiting for desired outcomes and working effectively over extended periods (Kuntsi et al., 2001; Sonuga-Barke et al., 1994; Schweitzer & Sulzer-Asaroff, 1995; Tripp & Alsop, 2001).”
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“This may be problematic as ADHD children consistently respond more favorably to immediate rather than delayed rewards (Sonuga-Barke, Taylor, Sembi, & Smith, 1992 ; Tripp & Alsop, 2001 ).”
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“…rewards than non-ADHD controls (Fosco, Hawk, Rosch, & Bubnik, 2015; Luman, van Meel, Oosterlaan, & Geurts, 2012), and prefer small immediate rewards to larger delayed rewards (Barkley, Edwards, Laneri, Fletcher, & Metevia, 2001; Demurie, Roeyers, Baeyens, & Sonuga-Barke, 2012; Tripp & Alsop, 2001).”
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ADHD Preschoolers With and Without ODD
Gopin, C. B., Berwid, O. G., Marks, D. J., Mlodnicka, A., & Halperin, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711432140 · Cited by 13
The Neuropsychology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Willcutt, E. G., Brodsky, K. L., Chhabildas, N. A., Shanahan, M. A., Yerys, B. E., Scott, A., & Pennington, B. F. (2005) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1385/1-59259-891-9:185 · Cited by 13
Attention, Motivation, and Reading Coherence Failure: A Neuropsychological Perspective
Wasserman, T. H. (2012) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/09084282.2011.643940 · Cited by 12
“Hypothesizing that the disruption of attention was caused by suboptimal performance in reward processes, the DEL is based on research demonstrating that children with ADHD show higher-than-normal levels of delayed\-reward discounting manifested in their attempts to escape or avoid delay (Kuntsi, Oosterlam, & Stevenson…”
MethodAster, H.-C., Waltmann, M., Busch, A., Romanos, M., Gamer, M., van Noort, B. M., Beck, A., Kappel, V., & Deserno, L. (2024) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103588 · Cited by 16
“This is in line with solid evidence that ADHD patients prefer smaller immediate rewards for easier tasks as opposed to larger delayed rewards for more difficult tasks (Tripp and Alsop, 2001, De Meyer et al., 2019).”
ResultFunction and dysfunction of monoamine interactions in children and adolescents with AD/HD
Oades, R. D. (2006) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-7772-4_11 · Cited by 10
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Conditioned approach behavior of SHR and SD rats during Pavlovian conditioning
Silic, B., Aggarwal, M., Liyanagama, K., Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2023) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114348 · Cited by 10
“Here we investigated PCA behavior of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a congenic strain proposed as an animal model for components of ADHD behavior [8,9] that exhibits genetically determined altered sensitivity to reward [8,10].”
InfluentialSelf-citationUsing rodent data to elucidate dopaminergic mechanisms of ADHD: Implications for human personality
Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2024) · Personality Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/pen.2023.12 · Cited by 9
“The converse example of a human task that was subsequently adapted for rats is a signal-detection task developed for studying sensitivity to delay of reinforcement in children with ADHD (Tripp & Alsop, 2001).”
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“…that individuals diagnosed with ADHD have a dysfunction in motivational and/or reinforcement systems (Sonuga-Barke, Taylor, Sembi, and Smith, 1992; Tripp and Alsop, 2001; Castellanos and Tannock, 2002; Sonuga-Barke, 2002; Doyle et al., 2005; Johansen and Sagvolden, 2004; Sagvolden, Johansen,…”
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Mphahlele, R. M., Pillay, B. J., & Meyer, A. (2023) · South African Journal of Education · doi:10.15700/saje.v43n1a2136 · Cited by 11
“…with waiting (APA, 2013; Tuvblad et al., 2009) for reward (Luman et al., 2005; Marco et al., 2009; Paloyelis et al., 2009; Sonuga-Barke, 2002; Tripp & Alsop, 2001), and subsequent preference for aggressive reactions to social situations (Noordermeer et al., 2016; Rubia, 2011) predispose…”
BackgroundDelay aversion in school-aged children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Mphahlele, R. M., Pillay, B. J., & Meyer, A. (2020) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0081246320964350 · Cited by 8
“Although children with ADHD appear more sensitive to recent occurrences of reinforcement (Tripp & Alsop, 2001) and therefore tend to perform more poorly than the controls when reinforcement is sporadic (Aase & Sagvolden, 2006), they are able to learn and master reinforcement under continuous rather…”
BackgroundSadprasid, B., Tabor, A., Scheme, E., & Bateman, S. (2022) · Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play · doi:10.1145/3505270.3558381 · Cited by 7
“Further, because of the nature of ADHD, those affected often avoid activities that do not present immediate enjoyment and gravitate towards the ones that do[15, 48, 53].”
BackgroundThe Relationship Between the Development of Time Perception and Delay of Gratification
Sargent, A. (2014) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) · Cited by 7
Meinzer, M. C., Schwartz, K. T. G., Triece, P., Horn, S. R., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. M. (2022) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.10.008 · Cited by 6
Differing properties of putative fast-spiking interneurons in the striatum of two rat strains
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ADHD and ASD traits are indirectly associated with sensory changes through anxiety
Varbanov, V., Overton, P. G., & Stafford, T. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04217-1 · Cited by 6
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“…et al., 2012; Pulcu et al., 2014; Takahashi et al., 2008), mania (Mason et al., 2012), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Barkley et al., 2001; Scheres et al., 2010; Tripp and Alsop, 2001), and anxiety disorder (Rounds et al., 2007) have higher delay discounting rates than normal subjects.”
BackgroundChoice behavior in spontaneously hypertensive rats: Variable vs. fixed schedules of reinforcement
Orduña, V., García, A. M., & Hong, E. (2010) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2009.12.018 · Cited by 5
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“This research indicates that children with ADHD prefer smaller immediate over larger delayed rewards (e.g., Rapport, Tucker, DuPaul, Merlo, & Stoner, 1986; Tripp & Alsop, 2001 ).”
BackgroundPrevention of Health Risk Behaviors in ADHD Youth: Is ADHD Treatment Enough?
Schoenfelder, E. N., & Kollins, S. H. (2014) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2014.22.4.1 · Cited by 5
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Environmental dynamics modulate covariation of choice and timing
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“10 Compared with typically developing peers, children with ADHD have been shown to prefer immediate over delayed reward, 11–13 to show poorer adaptation to changing reinforcement contingencies 14 15 and to demonstrate faster extinction after learning under partial (discontinuous) reinforcement.”
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Self-citationImpulsivity: A deficiency of inhibitory control?
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The Effects of Housing Conditions and Methylphenidate on Two Volitional Inhibition Tasks
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Emotional Health in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Delgado-Ochoa, M. A. (2020) · Archives in Neurology & Neuroscience · doi:10.33552/ann.2020.08.000700
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Bado, P., Salum, G. A., Rohde, L. A., Gadelha, A., Pan, P. M., Miguel, E. C., Tripp, G., & Furukawa, E. (2024) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12231 · Cited by 1
“…later reward. immediate reward has been widely reported in ADHD across experimental paradigms (Furukawa et al., 2022; Sonuga ‐ Barke et al., 1992; Tripp & Alsop, 2001) with several meta ‐ analyses making convincing argumentsforthe stability ofsuchresults (Jackson&MacKillop,2016; Patros et al.,…”
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Providing choice boosts immediate force production in adolescents with ADHD
Gregorio, M. V.-D., Abdollahipour, R., Valtr, L., Hannesdottir, D. K., Palomo-Nieto, M., & Otero, I. R. (2026) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2026.103463 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Tripp, G., & Alsop, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- ORCID
- Tripp, G.
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-07
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 691-698
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2137632400
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, delayed rewards, immediate rewards, response bias, signal detection, discriminability, children, impulsivity, response latency
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Psychomotor Performance, Reward, Time Factors, Case-Control Studies, Signal Detection, Psychological
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