The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Discrimination in the United States: experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Americans.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine reported experiences of discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) adults in the United States, which broadly contribute to poor health outcomes. DATA SOURCE AND STUDY DESIGN: Data came from a national, probability-based telephone survey of US adults, including 489 LGBTQ adults (282 non-Hispanic whites and 201 racial/ethnic minorities), conducted January-April 2017. METHODS: We calculated the percentages of LGBTQ adults reporting experiences of discrimination in health care and several other domains related to their sexual orientation and, for transgender adults, gender identity. We report these results overall, by race/ethnicity, and among transgender adults only. We used multivariable models to estimate adjusted odds of discrimination between racial/ethnic minority and white LGBTQ respondents. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Experiences of interpersonal discrimination were common for LGBTQ adults, including slurs (57 percent), microaggressions (53 percent), sexual harassment (51 percent), violence (51 percent), and harassment regarding bathroom use (34 percent). More than one in six LGBTQ adults also reported avoiding health care due to anticipated discrimination (18 percent), including 22 percent of transgender adults, while 16 percent of LGBTQ adults reported discrimination in health care encounters. LGBTQ racial/ethnic minorities had statistically significantly higher odds than whites in reporting discrimination based on their LGBTQ identity when applying for jobs, when trying to vote or participate in politics, and interacting with the legal system CONCLUSIONS: Discrimination is widely experienced by LGBTQ adults across health care and other domains, especially among racial/ethnic minorities. Policy and programmatic efforts are needed to reduce these negative experiences and their health impact on sexual and/or gender minority adults, particularly those who experience compounded forms of discrimination.
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“Gender-inclusive and trauma-guided health care might increase the number of transgender patients who seek sexual health services, including STI testing (341), because transgender persons are at high risk for sexual violence (342).”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [342]
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How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework
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Research works printed but not linked: 4
- James SE, 2016, The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018, Improving Health Research on Small Populations: Proceedings of a Workshop
- The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights The Leadership Conference Education Fund The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.Falling further behind: combating racial discrimination in America;2014.https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/USA/INT_CERD_NGO_USA_17654_E.pdf. Accessed June 20 2019.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021
Workowski, K. A., Bachmann, L. H., Chan, P. A., Johnston, C. M., Muzny, C. A., Park, I., Reno, H., Zenilman, J. M., & Bolan, G. A. (2021) · MMWR. Recommendations and Reports · doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1 · Cited by 3,018
Amaro, H. D. L. A., Sánchez, M., Bautista, T. G., & Cox, R. J. A. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108518 · Cited by 364
LGBTQ + cultural competency training for health professionals: a systematic review
Yu, H., Flores, D. D., Bonett, S., & Bauermeister, J. A. (2023) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04373-3 · Cited by 205
Jarrett, B. A., Peitzmeier, S. M., Restar, A., Adamson, T., Howell, S., Baral, S., & Beckham, S. W. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254215 · Cited by 173
Brown, M. J., McCann, E., Donohue, G., Martin, C. J. H., & McCormick, F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111366 · Cited by 172
Metadata
- Authors
- Casey, L. S., Reisner, S. L., Findling, M. G., Blendon, R. J., Benson, J. M., Sayde, J. M., & Miller, C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Benson, John M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Health Services Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-10-28
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- S2
- Pages
- 1454-1466
- ISSN
- 0017-9124 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-6773
- PMC
- PMC6864400
- OpenAlex
- W2982295101
- Cited by
- 467
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 42.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Health Services Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (73713)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- sexual orientation discrimination, transgender adults, gender identity discrimination, health care discrimination, microaggressions, sexual harassment, violence, healthcare avoidance, racial and ethnic minorities, employment discrimination, voting discrimination, sexual and gender minorities
- MeSH terms
- Sexual and Gender Minorities, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Housing, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Telephone, United States, Sexual Harassment, Healthcare Disparities, Young Adult
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