Youth Civic Engagement in the Twenty‐First Century

“Young people’s attitudes and opinions around citizenship are attributable to multiple sources of ongoing socialization, among which the family, peers, exposure to media and community participation are key (Youniss et al., 2002).”

“…(i.e., political activities that maintain effective democratic functioning, such as voting and following current events; Walker, 2002) and social movement behaviors (i.e., activities that seek to change the existing political structures, including protesting or boycotting; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“Conventional politics and participation, such as voting and campaigning, have become unattractive to young individuals who have now turned to alternative political ideals and movements (Kimberlee, 2002; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“By contrast, existing scholarly literature (Andolina et al., 2002; Bakker and de Vresse, 2011; Carpini, 2000; Youniss et al., 2002) depicts today’s youth as a generation that does not read or watch news, does not vote, is individualistic and disinterested in politics, and has no faith in the…”

“Some scholars have noted the complexities and multifaceted nature of civic engagement, which have resulted in considerable ambiguities surrounding its definition in the literature (Obradovi & Masten, 2007; Walker, 2002; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“. not as a self-enclosed individual achievement, but rather as a social identification that transcends a given moment in time" ( Youniss et al., 2002, p. 132 ).”

“A number of studies have indicated that youths think that they do not have a ‘‘voice’’ in discussions about political and civic activities, largely because they feel left out of decision-making processes (Sinclair and Ommer 2006; Youniss et al. 2002).”

“As evidence of this, they point to the high level of volunteerism among youth and their participation within social movements (Cunningham & Lavalette, 2004; Sherrod, 2013; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“…for adolescents, political self-efficacy for local politics is particularly important because this political level is more accessible to adolescents and closer to their everyday lives than national or global politics (Cammaerts, Bruter, Banaji, Harrison, & Anstead, 2016; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“…P2: 15 female and P3: 16, male) ‘Commitment to society’ and ‘standing up for justice and rights’ are two of the central definitions of citizenship (Youniss et al. 2002, 130), and many of the participants expressed worries over the values portrayed by the neoliberal economy in Chile in…”

“There is a growing body of interdisciplinary scholarship concerned with youth participation from a strengths-based perspective, yet this scholarship often views participation and civic engagement as adult-led interventions that can help young people develop from “citizens in waiting” (Kennelly, 2011) into active, enga…”

“It is important to learn which factors associate with civic/political engagement and social responsibility in younger generations because these factors may influence how young adults shape and contribute to the betterment of society (Youniss et al., 2002).”

“As claimed by Youniss et al. (2002), the result has been the cultivation of negative images of youths as political actors, which, in turn, has become an important barrier to their political participation because youths have been perceived as unable to participate in societal development in a…”

“Focusing on their present political action, this literature shows how youths are both agents of social change and actors in their own processes of political education (Biesta 2016; Ginwright and Cammarota 2013; Younis et al. 2002).”

“…people draw on an increasingly diverse range of technological and symbolic ‘circuits of communication’ (Cohen & Rai, 2000, p. 6) to engage critically with social and political issues beyond the immediate context of their lives (Hackett, 1997; Roker et al, 1999; Larson, 2002; Youniss et al, 2002).”

“Civic engagement is defined as having attitudes, behaviors, skills, and knowledge aimed at improving society and resulting from the desire to improve society (Youniss et al., 2002).”

“Building a knowledge base about civic engagement is a vital resource that will help young people and the societies of the future (Youniss et al., 2002).”

“I asked Sophia about the impact that belonging to this human rights NGO had on her motivation to continue to be a human rights activist, despite the challenges involved in trying to improve human rights (Youniss et al, 2002).”

“Also, approaching participation from a “broad view” (Ribeiro, Neves and Menezes, 2017), understanding it as a continuum of dynamic behaviors (e.g., Youniss, Bales, Christmas-Best, Diversi, McLaughlin and Silbereisen, 2002), sheds light on how democracy is performed in contemporary societies.”

“A substantial amount of international youthbased research has focused on the issue of civic engagement and factors that promote youths’ civic engagement (Smetana, Campione-Barr, & Metzger, 2006; Torney-Purta, 2002; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“While civic engagement is taken up to mitigate paternalistic development practices (Latouche, 1996; Youniss et al., 2002), the language used to talk about civic engagement actually functions to further obscure them, making them harder to identify.”

“It is a venue in which youth are not “stigmatized by their age or specifically blocked from participation because of status” (Youniss et al., 2002, p. 138).”

“…interests in processes of youth political participation and civic engagement among social scientists (Pachi et al., 2014) with many revealing very low levels of electoral participation and political interest among youths (Franklin, 2002; IDEA, 1999; Pachi et al., 2014; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“The idea that active citizenship constitutes more than just voting has been widely discussed and adopted by numerous leading authors conducting research on civic and political participation (Flanagan et al., 1999; Putnam, 2000; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“As Youniss et al. (2002) assert, such changes within a globalised world can readily reshape concepts such as national identity, nationhood and the meaning of multiculturalism.”

“According to Youniss et al. (2002), political action exists on a continuum comprising formal political actions like voting, organizational political actions like protesting social injustices, and performing service work such as volunteering in local public health campaigns.”

“…of peer socialisation (Amnå et al. 2009; Andersson 2015; Brown 1990; Choukas-Bradley et al. 2015; Earl, Maher, and Elliott 2017; Ekström 2015;; Gordon and Taft 2011; Hensby 2014; Horowitz 2017; Höppner 2017; Lee, Shah, and McLeod 2013; McIntosh and Youniss 2010; Pfa ff 2009; Youniss et al. 2002).”

“Tang and Sheldon were exceptional among pupils in Banyan Secondary in showing a critical understanding of the democratic political system and issues in Singapore – a key requirement of civic competence (Youniss et al., 2002).”

“Referring to her experiences gained by working at the World Shop, Cf rather describes the „functional learning‟ (TREML, 2000, p. 67) taking place in this practice.”

“We advocate for an analysis that conceptualizes young people as active agents in their own political learning processes (Youniss et al., 2002) in which they act and construct meanings for themselves.”

“Teacher avoidance of controversial topics is problematic because when students are able to discuss differing viewpoints on historic and current events and practice their critical thinking and communication skills, they become more interested and engaged in civics (Gibson & Levine, 2003; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“Thus, providing opportunities in schools for youth to think critically, appreciate cultural diversity and use cooperative non-violent conflict resolution strategies can lead to the development of better citizens (Youniss et al., 2002).”

“While most youth movements are ‘progressive’, young people are also involved in right-wing, ultra-nationalist and religiously extreme movements (Bayat & Herrera, 2010; Daiute et al., 2006; Nicholls, 2013; Yates & Youniss, 1999; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“Researchers have proposed that how older generations conceptualize political engagement may no longer be relevant, with a growing interest by youth in unconventional forms of civic participation and a willingness to mobilize for issues directly related to their generation, such as environmental justice, educational re…”

“, 2007) and the end of the Cold War (Youniss et al., 2002).”

“For example, Youniss et al. (2002) identified important factors such as family socialization, educational competencies, political participation, volunteering experiences, work experiences, and news and media.”

“Although the one-time correlational design of this study does not allow us to draw conclusions about causation, these results are consistent with theory suggesting that an orientation to community fosters political involvement (Flanagan 2003; Youniss et al. 2002).”

“Este ponto de vista demonstra que os/as próprios/as jovens reconhecem formas de participação não convencionais, mesmo nas suas atividades quotidianas, algo concordante como uma série de estudos que tende a enfatizar um novo paradigma da participação de jovens (Vromen 2003; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“One group of studies examined the relationship between participating in volunteering activities and an elevated self-image among adolescents and adolescents at risk; improving their interpersonal and social skills; improving their sense of empowerment, belonging, and involvement; and developing prosocial attitudes and…”