Youth Civic Engagement in the Twenty‐First Century

“For example, activities like community service and debates about what kind of service to engage in enhance the learning environment by providing students opportunities to participate in and begin forming their own opinions of social and government systems (Torney-Purta, 2002; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“…activities like community service and debates enhance the learning environment by providing students opportunities to actively participate in the learning process and construct their own knowledge of social and government systems (Homana et al., 2006; Torney-Purta, 2002; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“In addition, Raymore, Barber, and Eccles (2001) lent support to and expanded the Scott and Willets findings using the MSALT sample to examine young adult leisure patterns.”

“As the IEA study shows, it is active learning that contributes to civic knowledge, skills and attitudes; and active learning is supported by an open classroom climate allowing for the discussion of current and historical issues and by democratic practices in the classroom (TorneyPurta, 2002; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“…of literature examining the reasons behind the steep decline in civic engagement and de­alignment from political parties: this is a trend particularly pronounced among young adults, with a low percentage of young people (under 40% in some studies) reporting an interest in politics 11,12, 13 ​ .”

“Finding one’s connection to the larger world through participation in such activities is an important aspect of the transition from adolescence to adulthood, setting the stage for the next generation to become active and contributing citizens (Youniss et al., 2002); providing new and alternative opportunities to contr…”

“Political identity appears to be nurtured by participation in organized, community-based activities in adolescence— especially given that the benefits of political involvement are often conferred on others as well as on oneself (Youniss et al., 2003).”

“Programs such as community service can contribute to this building of social capital (Youniss & Yates, 1997; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“H1 Based on the literature (e.g., Putnam 2000; Youniss et al. 2002 ), levels of social participation were expected to be higher among American students, compared to Italian and Iranian students.”

“” Thus, families and social networks influence youth's own active socialization by exposing youth to the political process through facilitating conversations, guiding their experience with the political process, and teaching them how the political system operates (Andolina et al., 2003; Ojeda & Hatemi, 2015; Youniss e…”

“As Youniss et al. (2002) state to an adult “we”: “Ultimately, we will be placing the world in young people’s hands” (p. 126).”

“Social scientists meet in roundtable discussions (Youniss et al., 2002); national politicians set up special committees (Tonge & Mycock, 2010).”

“tal push for greater youth community engagement (Youniss et al., 2002) but was fueled in particular by dissatisfaction in communities of color with quality-of-life issues such as safety, education, and policing (James & McGillicuddy, 2001).”

“2002 , Gauthier 2003 , Pleyers 2005 , Vromen 2003 ).”

“Young people, as the leastengaged age group across the vast majority of traditional civic indicators, quickly became the subjects of one of the most prolific branches of this literature (Bennett, 2008; Sherrod et al., forthcoming; Youniss et al., 2002; Zukin et al., 2006).”

“(Flanagan et al., 2007; Kahne & Sporte, 2008; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“Numerous studies have been conducted on the association between youth civic engagement and adult civic engagement (Yates and Youniss 1998; Youniss et al. 2002).”

“Answers to this question are likely to be as varied as different conceptions of citizenship (Gibson 2001; Battistoni 2002; Youniss et al. 2002).”

“…education and community service learning (McDevitt & Chaffee, 2000, 2002; McNeal, 1998; Yates & Youniss, 1998; Youniss, McLellan, & Yates, 1997; Youniss et al., 2002) or from an older political science literature on political socialization (Jennings & Niemi, 1968, 1974, 1981; Verba, Schlozman,…”

“uum between the political and civic realm and underlines that it may range from political acts such as protesting to civic acts such as volunteering (Youniss et al. 2002).”

“Research on civic engagement shows that families, educational institutions, and organizations all play an important role in influencing youth to be civically engaged (Andolina, Jenkins, Zukin, & Keeter, 2003; Kelly, 2004; Metz & Youniss, 2003; TorneyPurta, 2002; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“Considering that civically educated youth provide a benefit to the whole community, fiscal sustainability of community-based programs providing youth with civic experiences should be seen as a responsibility of all sectors of society—the commercial and business sector as much as schools, local youth organizations, fam…”

“Thus, some researchers advocate that the concept of civic competence must be broadened to include both political and community engagement (Youniss et al., 2002).”

“In contrast to the scholars and youth advocates in many parts of the world who reference the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and its participatory clause as a rationale for creating programs for youth participation (Graham and Fitzgerald, 2010; Kjorholt, 2002), US scholars regularly argue that increasing YCE…”

“It is important to examine the development of civic engagement amongst young people because these specific kinds of dispositions are likely to translate into his or her adulthood (Youniss et al. 2002).”

“…in policy- and decision-making (Fitzpatrick 1998; Matthews 2001; Matthews and Limb 2003), or sought to assess and explain the purported declining political engagement of young people (Youniss et al. 2002; de Vreese 2007; Bachen et al. 2008; Gerodimos 2008; Calenda and Meijer 2009; Kirshner 2009).”

“Further, a third of high school students report taking part in community service on a regular basis (Youniss et al., 2002).”

“Social sanctions from uncivil discourse and combative individuals can deter activism among young people (James and Lee 2017, see also Kitts 2000).”

“Political scientists have stressed the importance of active political engagement such as voting (Walker, 2000), but developmental psychologists have extended the definition of civic activity to include both ‘‘conventional’’ and ‘‘social-cause’’ political activities, as well as membership in community organizations, vo…”

“youth civic engagement (Flanagan and Faison 2001; Ginwright, Noguera, and Cammarota 2006; Yates and Youniss 1999; Youniss et al. 2002) argues for a reconceptualization of young people as legitimate political actors, and a reframing of democracy as not simply an adult accomplishment, but an ongoing and joint process be…”

“Further distinguishing political activities, scholars point to variation between conventional political participation and nonconventional participation like social movements (Youniss et al., 2002).”

“…change across the world including the American civil rights struggles of the 1960s, the prominent ‘Chipko’ movement in India and the Palestinian youth’s intifada challenge of the Israeli military (Karan 1994; Mohamed and Wheeler 2001; Quiroz-Martinez, Wu, and Zimmerman 2005; Youniss et al. 2002).”

“The issue of young people's civic engagement has been the subject of a great deal of debate and discussion ( Putnam, 1995 ; Youniss et al.”

“service, a transfer of experiences to political learning cannot be expected (Walker, 2002; Youniss et al., 2002; Biedermann, 2006).”

“In general, civic development implies an understanding of how civic society functions and the acquisition of beliefs, competencies, and behaviors that allow citizens to meet, discuss their common problems, and work together to promote their interests (Youniss et al., 2002).”

“…from an Indonesian perspective are pro-environment behaviour, mutual assistance and tolerance awareness (Dewantara and Budimasyah 2018; Hidayat et al. 2020; Prasetiyo, Budimansyah, and Roslidah 2016, 2019; Raihani 2014; Sipayung and Dwiningrum 2020; Utomo and Wasino 2020; Youniss et al. 2002).”

“A number of researchers recognise that youth develop their identity by exploring different roles and discover preferences by interacting with others (Eccles & Barber, 1999; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“Previous research has shown that parental involvement in political and social causes is associated with children’s greater participation, although the mechanisms are not well understood (Youniss et al., 2002).”

“Youth charitable or volunteer programs are often not designed to cultivate youths’ civic identity (Kirshner 2009; Watts and Flanagan 2007; Youniss et al. 2002), socio-political development (Anyiwo et al.”

“…youth empowerment (Gant et al., 2009) and has been linked to both individual benefits (e.g., psychological well-being and academic achievement; Balsano, 2005) and community-level benefits (e.g., civic engagement into adulthood; Balsano, 2005; Youniss, McLellan, & Yates, 1997; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“Scholars in various fields of education, including science, social studies, and environmental education, have argued that educational experiences in the 21st century should help to prepare young people to participate in the civic and economic life of a global society (e.g., Gaudelli & Heilman, 2009; Hodson, 2003; Youn…”

“Rather than being the focus of research, the existence of a large pool of such undereducated and underemployed ‘lumpen’ youth is represented as potentially apathetic or disengaged and as weakening the foundations of stable democratic societies (cf. Youniss et al. 2002, 136).”

“These benefits involve personal gains in the form of social and cognitive development as well as contributions to many sectors of society (Youniss et al.”

“…to influence the development of one’s political identity (Hardy, Pratt, Pancer, Olsen, & Lawford, 2011), and civic developmental theorists have argued that religious organizations may help to facilitate integration into adult activities including political involvement (Youniss et al., 2002).”

“Losing a job might lead to less confidence in the government, particularly in the presence of long unemployment spells, as would the failure to climb the occupational ladder (Hudson, 2006; Mishler & Rose, 2001; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“Although it has been noted that the picture of youth civic engagement is not so bleak when we include reform movements (Youniss et al. 2002), “unconventional politics” (Metz, McLellan, and Youniss 2003), and community service (Youniss et al. 1999), there is a general agreement in this literature…”

“…Gibbs 1996), and social involvement, such as promoting the common good through volunteer work or charity (Hart and Fegly 1995; Roker et al. 1996; Youniss et al. 2002), as well as moral reasoning or stages of moral development (e.g., Eisenberg et al. 1995; Pratt et al. 1999; Schonert-Reichl…”

“Echoing these science education scholars’ arguments, leaders in civic learning have noted that competent participants in democratic systems must understand public issues in numerous domains (e.g., Youniss et al., 2002), such as science.”

“Understanding the predictors of civic engagement is becoming a relevant task in the agenda of developmental psychologists (e.g., Flanagan, Beyers, & Zukauskien _e, 2012; Marzana, Marta, & Pozzi, 2012; Sherrod, Torney-Purta, & Flanagan, 2010; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“Furthermore, today’s youth are not only subject to consume political media passively online, but the Internet also provides the tools for them to become creators and producers of civic opinions and civic information (Coleman & Gotze, 2001; Tapscott, 1998; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“This approach is consistent with recent scholarship on the civic engagement of young people that looks beyond voting to young adults’ civic activity (Keeter, Zukin, and Jenkins 2002; Youniss et al. 2002).”

“These benefits could be critical to then promote youths' civic engagement, as self-efficacy and competence predict civic engagement (Hope & Jagers, 2014; Youniss et al., 2002).”

“In nearly all western countries, pedagogues, researchers and politicians report disenchantment with politics and decreasing voter turnout, lack of interest and participation and violence against the state by excluded and marginalized groups (see for example, Putnam, 2000; Torney-Purta et al., 2001; Youniss et al., 200…”

“Various extracurricular activities and roles that college students participate help them forming identities, discover preferences (Eccles and Barber 199; Larson 2000; Youniss et al. 2002) and accumulate social networks (Seibert, Kraimer, and Liden 2001) and human capital by associating with others and developing skill…”

“Scholarship on youth civic development supports the use of a comprehensive definition, suggesting that the range of civic engagement, including political and civil action, is best and most broadly prepares youth to contribute positively to their local community and broader society (Youniss et al. 2002).”

“However, many youth generally disdain politics as usual but hunger for a “range of nonmainstream forms of civil involvement that can become mobilized” (Youniss et al., 2002, p. 128).”