Sex estimation research trends in forensic anthropology between 2000 and 2022 in five prominent journals
Abstract
In forensic anthropology, osteological sex estimation methods are continuously reevaluated and updated to improve classification accuracies. Therefore, to gain a comprehensive understanding of recent trends in sex estimation research in forensic anthropology, a content analysis of articles published between 2000 and 2022 in Forensic Science International , the Journal of Forensic Sciences , the International Journal of Legal Medicine , the American Journal of Biological Anthropology , and Forensic Anthropology , was performed. The main goals of this content analysis were to (1) examine trends in metric versus morphological research, (2) examine which areas of the skeleton have been explored, (3) examine which skeletal collections and population affinities have been most frequently utilized, and (4) determine which statistical methods were commonly implemented. A total of 440 articles were coded utilizing MAXQDA and the resulting codes were exported for analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted utilizing the Cochran‐Armitage and Jonckheere‐Terpstra tests for trends, as well as Fisher–Freeman–Halton tests. The results demonstrate that sex estimation research published in these journals has prioritized metric over morphological methods. Further, the most utilized skeletal regions continue to be the skull and pelvis, while the most popular classification statistics continue to be discriminant function analysis and logistic regression. This study also demonstrates that a substantial portion of research has been conducted utilizing U.S. and Europe‐based collections and limited populations. Based on these results, future sex estimation research must continue exploring the use of long bones and other postcranial elements, testing newer methods of analysis, as well as developing population‐inclusive methods.
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Ferrell, M. J., Schultz, J. J., & Adams, D. M. (2025) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.70123 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationFarrera, A., Ríos, M. S. M., Velasco, M. G., & Campos-Rodríguez, J. A. (2025) · Science & Justice · doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101260 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Machine Learning-Based Sex Estimation from Human Long Bone Diaphysis Fragments Using CT Scan Data
Mahmud, T. I., Beasley, M. M., & Zhu, F. M. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Information Processing and Retrieval (MIPR) · doi:10.1109/mipr67560.2025.00067
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Ahmad, B. W. (2024) · Sriwijaya Journal of Forensic and Medicolegal · doi:10.59345/sjfm.v2i1.355
Computed tomography of the occipital bone for sex estimation in Turks
Arslan, E., Soğukpınar, V. O., Kul, M., & Bilge, Y. (2026) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20260627
- Authors
- Ferrell, M. J., Schultz, J. J., & Adams, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Central Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ferrell, Morgan J.
- Venue
- Journal of Forensic Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-04-10
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1138-1154
- ISSN
- 0022-1198 (ISSN-L)
- 1556-4029
- OpenAlex
- W4394724343
- Semantic Scholar
- f7cc284a430b21cad0102d0fdebe91f079850b81
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 21.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Forensic Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Forensic Entomology and Diptera Studies
- Keywords
- sex estimation, skeletal collections, population affinity, skull, pelvis, long bones, postcranial elements, discriminant function analysis, logistic regression
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Male, Periodicals as Topic, Research, Bibliometrics, Discriminant Analysis, Forensic Anthropology, Sex Determination by Skeleton
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