The DOI matches its Crossref record; 153 of the 155 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 51 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health‐based model of desistance*
Open accessAbstract
During the last few decades, criminologists have identified several adult roles and statuses, including employment, positive family relations, and economic stability, as critical for promoting successful reintegration and desistance. Very few researchers, however, have investigated the conditions that serve to bring about these transitions and successes crucial for behavior change. As a complement to a burgeoning amount of literature on the impact of incarceration on health, we emphasize the reverse: Health has important implications for reentry outcomes and reincarceration. Informed by multiple disciplines, we advance a health‐based model of desistance in which both mental and physical dimensions of health affect life chances in the employment and family realms and ultimately recidivism. Investigating this issue with longitudinal data from the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) and structural equation models, we find overall support for the health‐based model of desistance. Our results indicate several significant pathways through which both manifestations of health influence employment, family conflict, financial problems, and crime and reincarceration. The findings highlight the need for implementation of correctional and transitional policies to improve health among the incarcerated and avert health‐related reentry failures.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper proposes and tests a health-based model of desistance, arguing that mental and physical health at release shape employment, family conflict, and financial problems, which in turn affect crime and reincarceration. Using longitudinal SVORI data and structural equation models, it finds support for multiple direct and indirect pathways from health to recidivism.
Key findings
- Physical health limitations strongly increased depression: a 1-SD increase in health limitations was associated with a .32-SD increase in depressive symptoms. Each SD increase in health limitations reduced the odds of employment at 3 months by 44%.
- Depression increased family conflict: a 1-SD increase in depression was associated with a .13-SD increase in family conflict. Family conflict, in turn, increased crime: a 1-SD increase in family conflict led to a .20-SD increase in self-reported crime.
- Financial problems predicted reincarceration: a 1-SD increase in financial problems increased the odds of reincarceration by approximately 21%, while a 1-SD increase in crime increased the odds of reincarceration by 87%.
- Bootstrap mediation analyses found significant indirect pathways linking physical health limitations and depression to crime and reincarceration through employment, family conflict, and financial problems; employment had negative indirect effects on crime and reincarceration via family conflict and financial problems.
Methods
- Data came from the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) evaluation, adult male prisoners across 12 U.S. states; the final models included 1,532 of 1,697 men, with four waves: baseline about 30 days before release and 3, 9, and 15 months postrelease.
- Physical health limitations and depression were latent baseline constructs; family conflict was measured at 3 months, employment at 3 months, financial problems and self-reported crime at 9 months, and reincarceration at 15 months.
- The study used hybrid structural equation models with latent constructs, robust weighted least-squares estimation (WLSMV), and bias-corrected bootstrapping with 5,000 draws for mediation tests.
Limitations
- Stated by the authors: the analysis is limited to adult men convicted of serious and/or violent offenses, so generalizability is limited; future work should examine lesser crimes and women. The financial problems measure may capture some element of financial assistance receipt rather than broader debt, income, or expenses. The SVORI data follow individuals only through 15 months postrelease, and employment quality was not measured.
- Stated by the authors: future research should examine interactions between physical and mental health conditions, including mediated moderation, because health is only one determinant of depression.
- Evident from the text: the design is observational, and the authors note that SEM cannot identify causal relationships without experimental data; health was measured at baseline, self-reported crime was used, and attrition/missing data were addressed with multiple techniques but possible bias remains.
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Claims the paper makes
37 Not checked yet · 33 Own interpretation · 24 Own result · 21 Own method · 4 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results indicate several significant pathways through which both manifestations of health influence employment, family conflict, financial problems, and crime and reincarceration.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we find overall support for the health-based model of desistance.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A 1-standard-deviation increase in crime was associated with an 87 percent increase in the odds of reincarceration.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.2 Direct effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Net of physical health and covariates, however, those with more depressive symptoms did not experience any added difficulty in securing employment.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.2 Direct effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After controlling for employment history and covariates, we found that individuals who were working after release experienced less family conflict (p < .001).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.2 Direct effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For each standard deviation increase in health limitations, the odds of being employed at 3 months were reduced by 44 percent.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.2 Direct effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the finding that health limitations have strong, adverse implications for family conflict via their impact on depression contributes to a limited amount of literature on the conditions that bring about family problems among the formerly incarcerated”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.3 Indirect pathways
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of being employed decreased the odds of reporting worse financial problems by 21 percent.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.2 Direct effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Financial problems accumulated 9 months after release significantly predicted a concurrent increase in crime (p < 0.001).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.2 Direct effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More importantly, most respondents found blue-collar jobs such as manual labor or construction work, regardless of whether these were official or unofficial jobs.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.2.2 Barriers to reintegration
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- Probably not a substantial claim. 28
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the latent depression factor explains 53 percent of the variation in a typical item and the physical health limitations factor explains approximately 77 percent of the variance in a typical item.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.1 Preliminary analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical health limitations did not have a statistically significant direct effect on either family conflict or financial problems.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.2 Direct effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although family conflict contributes to recidivism directly, it also does so via financial hardship, thereby providing insights for policy aimed at remedying its effects.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.3 Indirect pathways
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, average standardized factor loadings on the latent constructs include physical health limitations (.88), depression (.73), family conflict (.76), and crime (.80).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.1 Preliminary analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found longitudinal evidence that both physical limitations and depression affect adult role fulfillment, some of which act as intervening mechanisms that ultimately lead to further offending and reincarceration.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.3 Indirect pathways
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, our results indicate that depression directly increases family conflict and indirectly increases financial problems, crime, and reincarceration.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 7.1 Consequences of poor health for reentry
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical limitations directly reduce employment, increase depression, and indirectly increase family conflict, financial problems, crime, and reincarceration.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 7.1 Consequences of poor health for reentry
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“many people live with family members after release and rely on them for support and access to employment (Uggen et al., 2005).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 2 ROLE OF EMPLOYMENT, FAMILY CONFLICT, AND FINANCIAL PROBLEMS IN THE DESISTANCE PROCESS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Uggen et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“He found that offending was much more likely to predict poor health rather than the other way around.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 3 IMPACT OF HEALTH ON CRIME
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Farrington, 1995
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“unemployment and an increase in economic hardship are both expected to increase the probability of reoffending after release from prison.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 2 ROLE OF EMPLOYMENT, FAMILY CONFLICT, AND FINANCIAL PROBLEMS IN THE DESISTANCE PROCESS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These reentry failures can have critical implications for recidivism”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 1 PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH AND THEIR IMPACTS ON ADULT ROLE FULFILLMENT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“health problems engendering tension between former prisoners and their family members may result in a decrease in informal control and support, thereby decreasing the likelihood that desistance will take root.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 1 PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH AND THEIR IMPACTS ON ADULT ROLE FULFILLMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With three indicators, this model is just-identified, and therefore, fit statistics cannot be assessed.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.2.2 Barriers to reintegration
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present analysis, we employed bias-corrected bootstraps (5,000 draws), which addressed potential skewness in the distribution of bootstrap estimates such that in the event that the distribution is positively skewed, the confidence interval is shifted to the right, and vice versa in the case of negative skewness”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.3 Analytic strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“we employed bootstrapping as it can be used to quantify indirect effects without the need to assume normality in the sampling distribution of the indirect effect.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.3 Analytic strategy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Hayes & Scharkow, 2013
- Not checked yetcites MacKinnon, Lockwood, & Williams, 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At 3 months, 58 percent (984) were successfully re-interviewed; 61 percent (1035) were interviewed at 9 months, and 66 percent (1113) at 15 months.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.1 Sample
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, financial problems and family conflict also increased via the negative effect of health limitations on employment status (health limitations → employment → financial problems; and health limitations → employment → family conflict), which in turn led to significant increases in recidivism.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.3 Indirect pathways
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: There are no unmeasured confounders that would explain the observed relationships between health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
- Rests on an assumption: The specified structural model correctly represents the causal ordering among health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In short, reentering society with physical health limitations decreased an individual's ability to hold employment and those with greater physical health limitations were likely to be released with more mental health problems in the form of depressive symptoms.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.2 Direct effects
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: There are no unmeasured confounders that would explain the observed relationships between health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
- Rests on an assumption: The specified structural model correctly represents the causal ordering among health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second major pathway beginning with health limitations was its effect on family conflict through depression (health limitations → depression → family conflict).From here, this pathway was significantly related to both types of recidivism.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.3 Indirect pathways
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: There are no unmeasured confounders that would explain the observed relationships between health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
- Rests on an assumption: The specified structural model correctly represents the causal ordering among health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depression was indirectly linked to crime through both family conflict and through an impact mediated by both family conflict and financial problems.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.3 Indirect pathways
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: There are no unmeasured confounders that would explain the observed relationships between health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
- Rests on an assumption: The specified structural model correctly represents the causal ordering among health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“minor health strains have been linked to nonviolent delinquency (Stogner & Gibson, 2010), as well as to violent behavior in reciprocal effects models (Stogner et al., 2014).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 3 IMPACT OF HEALTH ON CRIME
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stogner & Gibson, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Stogner et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“she confirmed a positive association with delinquency, with a significant proportion of the total effect explained via an indirect effect through school absence and stress proliferation.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 3 IMPACT OF HEALTH ON CRIME
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kort-Butler, 2017
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our key health variables were measured at baseline and have almost no missing data, and the ultimate reincarceration variable measured at 15 months contains no missing data.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.1.1 Missing data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a theoretical connection between health and its consequences becomes harder to articulate with these types of measures.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 3 IMPACT OF HEALTH ON CRIME
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the strain associated with chronic conditions, physical disabilities, or minor health issues can lead to coping mechanisms involving alcohol, illicit drug use, and nonviolent delinquency (Stogner & Gibson, 2010).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 3 IMPACT OF HEALTH ON CRIME
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stogner & Gibson, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“5,000 has been suggested as a suitable number of sample draws (Preacher & Hayes, 2008)”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.3 Analytic strategy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Preacher & Hayes, 2008
hedgedn = 5,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Model fit was strong on two measures (CFI = .98,TLI = .97)and fair on another (RMSEA = .07).”
- Also stated in: § 5.2 Measures 5.2.1 Health · plain
“Cronbach's alpha was .85.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.2 Measures 5.2.1 Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 5.2 Measures 5.2.1 Health · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results from sensitivity analyses in which the model was estimated using multiple imputation to address missing data indicated an almost identical story (results displayed in table S2 in the online supporting information).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.3 Indirect pathways
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we posit a direct link between physical health limitations and depression, which in turn both influence employment, family conflict, financial problems, and reoffending.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 4 CURRENT STUDY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Taken together, this finding indicates that one's financial situation leads to reincarceration through criminal behavior but also directly-the latter of which may be a dynamic related to financial debt obligations among the formerly incarcerated, including their inability to pay and subsequent increased risk of reincarceration (Harris, 2016).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.2 Direct effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harris, 2016
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: There are no unmeasured confounders that would explain the observed relationships between health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
- Rests on an assumption: The specified structural model correctly represents the causal ordering among health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because we use observational data, we include several key covariates to reduce the possibility that statistically significant relationships could be the result of confounding.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.2.4 Control variables
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: There are no unmeasured confounders that would explain the observed relationships between health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“bootstrapping has been suggested to be the best approach for assessing mediated effects (Hayes, 2009;Hayes & Scharkow, 2013;MacKinnon, Lockwood, & Williams, 2004;Preacher & Hayes, 2008).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.3 Analytic strategy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Hayes & Scharkow, 2013
- Not checked yetcites MacKinnon, Lockwood, & Williams, 2004
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Reincarceration was a binary indicator measured at 15 months using both administrative data from state agencies as well as the national-level data from the FBI's National Crime Information Center (Lattimore & Visher, 2013).This variable does not contain any missing data.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.2.3 Recidivism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lattimore & Visher, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recommended RMSEA cutoffs are < .06 for good fit and < .08 for adequate fit and > .95for the CFI and TLI (Acock, 2013;Hu & Bentler, 1999).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.3 Analytic strategy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Acock, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Hu & Bentler, 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Inclusion of covariates is critical because structural equation modeling (SEM) cannot be used to identify causal relationships without experimental data (see Bollen & Pearl, 2013).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.2.4 Control variables
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bollen & Pearl, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“respondent attrition can be an issue that can bias analyses using follow-up samples, and it is especially challenging to follow the formerly incarcerated released to their communities (Western, Braga, Hureau, & Sirois, 2016).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.1.1 Missing data
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Western, Braga, Hureau, & Sirois, 2016
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Model fit showed to be sufficient overall (Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = .99,Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = .99,root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA).= .09).Cronbach's alpha was .80.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.2 Measures 5.2.1 Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, we address this issue by estimating our final models using multiple techniques for addressing missing data, including an analysis in which the model is estimated using multiply imputed data.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.1.1 Missing data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The result is a variable that is error-adjusted that produces more accurate parameter estimates and smaller standard errors (Acock, 2013).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.3 Analytic strategy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Acock, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These items are similar to the items found in the widely used Center for Epidemiologic Studies -Depression scale (Radloff, 1977).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.2 Measures 5.2.1 Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Radloff, 1977
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This is based on the idea of a generality of deviance (Osgood, Johnston, O'Malley, & Bachman, 1988).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.2.3 Recidivism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Osgood, Johnston, O'Malley, & Bachman, 1988
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The chi-squared test for decrement in fit showed that this reduced model did not fit significantly worse (𝜒2 difference test = 10.79,p > .05;RMSEA = .02;CFI = .98;TLI = .97).Thus, we have evidence that our theoretical model is preferable to the saturated model as it is more parsimonious yet does not fit the data significantly worse.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.1 Preliminary analyses
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This finding is in accordance with those of prior research aimed at examining the type of industries in which former prisoners get hired (Pager, 2007;Visher et al., 2008).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 5.2.2 Barriers to reintegration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pager, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Visher et al., 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we further anticipate that these health limitations may compromise roles and statuses in adulthood in the form of blocked job opportunities, family conflict, and financial hardship that further strengthen the relationship between physical mobility issues and criminal reoffending.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 3 IMPACT OF HEALTH ON CRIME
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“poor physical health, and declines in self-rated health over time, were directly associated with criminal onset.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 3 IMPACT OF HEALTH ON CRIME
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schroeder et al., 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, depression was linked with reincarceration through two significant three-path indirect processes, with family conflict central to both.The processes involve depression leading to family conflict that, in turn, leads to crime and then reincarceration or to financial hardship and then reincarceration.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 6.3 Indirect pathways
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: There are no unmeasured confounders that would explain the observed relationships between health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
- Rests on an assumption: The specified structural model correctly represents the causal ordering among health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SVORI could have reduced family conflict further and promoted employment had physical health and depression been given a more prominent role in programs.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 7.3 Mitigating health-related reentry failures
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this reason, among other considerations such as modeling parsimony, we chose to measure health in this model at baseline.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 8 CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“which is not surprising given both groups received the same amount of in-prison medical treatment, whereas SVORI participants received less mental health treatment than did their non-SVORI counterparts (Lattimore & Visher, 2013).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 7.3 Mitigating health-related reentry failures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lattimore & Visher, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we take a significant step in moving toward a health-based model of desistance and outline numerous areas for future advancement.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 7.5 Study limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Although physical health was a component of some of the reentry programs, it did not seem to be a key focus overall (Visher et al., 2017).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 7.3 Mitigating health-related reentry failures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Visher et al., 2017
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our model, unidirectionality among certain constructs that were measured in the same wave was specified, and it could be argued that the effect runs in the opposite direction (e.g., some crime, such as drug use, could lead to heightened financial problems).”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 8 CONCLUSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To assess this possibility, we estimated cross-lagged panel models in which we examined the effects of one variable on later changes in the other.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 8 CONCLUSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Being one's best self-both mentally and physically-sets the stage for increased success securing employment and interacting with families in nonconflictual ways.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 8 CONCLUSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, improved reentry success in the family and economic spheres promotes desistance and slows the cycle of incarceration.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 8 CONCLUSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our financial problems variable could perhaps be capturing some element of financial assistance receipt.”
§ Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance * > 7.5 Study limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Very few researchers have investigated the conditions that bring about transitions and successes crucial for behavior change.
“Very few researchers, however, have investigated the conditions that serve to bring about these transitions and successes crucial for behavior change.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Much less is known about the factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of achieving employment and family milestones.
“much less is known about the factors that serve to increase or decrease the likelihood of achieving these milestones that may serve as a turning point in one's life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Links between mental and physical health, crime, and reincarceration, including intervening processes, have never been examined in a prior study.
“links between mental and physical health, crime, and reincarceration, which include complex intervening processes through family conflict, employment, and economic hardship, have never been examined in a prior study.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Few studies have been aimed at examining the impact of physical health on offending.
“few studies have been aimed at examining the impact of physical health on offending.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No study has focused on how physical mobility issues may impact the process of desistance after release from prison.
“No study to our knowledge has focused on how physical mobility issues may impact the process of desistance after release from prison.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most studies connecting health and crime are cross-sectional.
“most studies connecting health and crime are cross-sectional.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Research results have provided little additional insight into the mediating mechanisms between physical health and crime.
“research results have provided little additional insight into the mediating mechanisms between physical health and crime.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Research is lacking on the complex roles both mental and physical health states play in affecting prosocial behavior among those reentering society.
“research is lacking on the complex roles both mental and physical health states play in affecting prosocial behavior among those reentering society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are no unmeasured confounders that would explain the observed relationships between health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
“Because we use observational data, we include several key covariates to reduce the possibility that statistically significant relationships could be the result of confounding.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The specified structural model correctly represents the causal ordering among health, reentry outcomes, and recidivism.
“we then imposed structure on the model by specifying how the constructs are related to one another (see figure 1).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Health information is often collected for other reasons at prison intake.
“as health information is often collected for other reasons at prison intake, it may not be too burdensome for correctional authorities to redirect this information toward assessment tools to set in motion plans to improve prisoner health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most risk assessment tools focus little on physical health.
“Most risk assessment tools devote significant attention to criminal and behavioral history and social areas of criminogenic need, but they focus little on physical health.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Individuals experiencing mental health or substance abuse crises are quite likely to reoffend (42).”
From A community response approach to mental health and substance abuse crises reduced crime (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
(2013) · Cited by 44,563
Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling
Tabri, N., & Elliott, C. M. (2012) · Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology · doi:10.15353/cgjsc.v1i1.3787 · Cited by 39,094
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.3.879 · Cited by 34,117
Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium
Hayes, A. F. (2009) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637750903310360 · Cited by 9,757
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363 · Cited by 8,848
Self-rated health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven community studies.
Idler, E. L., & Benyamini, Y. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955359 · Cited by 8,598
Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4 · Cited by 7,806
Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables.
MTW, & Long, J. S. (1997) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2965458 · Cited by 6,891
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Acock A. C., 2013, Discovering structural equation modeling using Stata
- Alper M., 2018, 2018 Update on prisoner recidivism
- Bannon A., 2010, Criminal justice debt: A barrier to reentry
- Ginsburg‐Kempany K., 2017, Handbook on risk and need assessment: Theory and practice
- Harris A., 2016, A pound of flesh: Monetary sanctions as a permanent punishment for poor people
- Lattimore P. K., 2010, The multi‐site evaluation of SVORI: Methodology and analytic approach
- Lattimore P. K., 2009, The multi‐site evaluation of SVORI: Summary and synthesis
- Laub J. H., 2003, Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age (Vol. 70)
- Muthén L. K., 2017, Mplus user's guide
- 10.2307/2657381 · DOI · Paper page
- U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, 2019, Justice Department alleges conditions in Alabama men's prisons violate the Constitution
- C. A. Visher J. Yahner La N. Vigne 2010 Urban Institute Press Washington DC
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Does in-prison physical and mental health impact recidivism?
Wallace, D. M., & Wang, X. (2020) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100569 · Cited by 160
A community response approach to mental health and substance abuse crises reduced crime
Dee, T. S., & Pyne, J. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abm2106 · Cited by 87
Institutional Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic in American Prisons
Novisky, M. A., Narvey, C. S., & Semenza, D. C. (2020) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2020.1825582 · Cited by 73
Semenza, D. C., & Link, N. W. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112618 · Cited by 53
Self-citationSemenza, D. C., Testa, A. M., & Turanovic, J. J. (2021) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2021.100436 · Cited by 55
Metadata
- Authors
- Link, N. W., Ward, J. T., & Stansfield, R.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Temple University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Link, Nathan W.
- Venue
- Criminology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-06-10
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 544-573
- ISSN
- 0011-1384 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-9125
- OpenAlex
- W2950505069
- Semantic Scholar
- 039b7a909c376eea27ff65c54f0812e8d7e41b75
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 29.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Criminology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- CrimRxiv (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Keywords
- desistance from crime, prisoner reentry, recidivism, mental health, physical health, incarceration, employment, family conflict, financial hardship, correctional policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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